I noticed in one of the youtuber streams that the planet designation (rural world, urban world, colony, empire capital...) does indeed give bonuses. However, I only explicitly saw:
Rural world : +2% production from worker jobs
Did somebody else see any more info? I would assume the more specialized worlds (research, alloys,...) give a higher bonus?
From what I've seen balanced Energy/Mineral/Food distracts gives the +2% worker you've mentioned as a rural planet.
Going heavy on one of the 3 gives you +5% to that specific job as a generator/mining/agriculture world
Going heavy on the city districts make it an urban planet, which gives +2% to specialists.
Not seen anything beyond that, but anything I've watched only covers the first 100 years or so, so there might be other bonuses.