Glossary
adiuva - 'help', 'aid me'
aedes - Roman temple
amicus - friend
amphorae – pottery jar used to hold liquids such as wine
angon - barbarian throwing spear
appropinquate – approach, command for a unit to advance
arcus - Roman shortbow
AUC – ab urbe condita, from the founding of the city of Rome (traditionally regarded as 753BCE), or anno urbis conditae, in the year from the founding of the city of Rome. Roman form of dating years
ave - 'hail', traditional Roman form of greeting
auxilia – ‘auxiliaries’, supporting troops utilized as garrisons as well as to bolster Roman field armies
bandon – ‘band’, used to refer to a small unit of late Roman cavalrymen, from five to ten troopers
bireme – light warship of antiquity with two banks of rowers
bucellarii – household troops or forces of private retainers typically beholden to he who recruited them rather than to the empire
bebra - barbarian throwing spear
celerior – ‘accelerate’, ‘move faster’
Classis Praetoria Ravennatis – the Roman fleet based in the Adriatic, typically at Ravenna or Aquileia
Comes – ‘Count’, late Roman provincial commander in charge of cavalry
Comes rei Militaris - 'Count of Military Affairs', military commander of a province
comitium - the Republican political center of activity in the Forum Romanum, later paved and left unused
comitatenses – late Roman field army, referring to infantry in general
Comite Vexillum – ‘flag company’ used as an expression for the elite company of a force of cavalry
comites – ‘companions’, used for elite late Roman cavalrymen
criminii – ‘bandits’ or ‘brigands’
de facto – ‘in fact’ or ‘in practice’, referring to something that exists in practice as opposed to in principle
de jure – ‘based on law’, referring to something that exists in principle as opposed to in practice
Decurio – cavalry officer, typically commanding ten to thirty troopers in the late Roman army
domesticorum – units of the Imperial Guard during the late Empire
Domestikos - title and form of address for the Praetorian Prefect in the Eastern court
dum inter hominess sumus, colamus humanitatem – ‘as long as we are among humans, let us be humane’, Seneca
Dux – ‘Duke’, late Roman provincial commander in command of infantry, also used to refer to civil governor of territory subordinate to the emperor
Ego pater sum, et tu filius es – ‘I am the father and you are the son’
epibata – late Roman marine
equites – Roman cavalrymen
eugenes - 'well-born', the aristocracry of the eastern empire
fabricae - Roman factories which built military equipment
falxe - barbarian battleaxe, typically one-handed
fleuhanan – ancient Germanic for ‘flee’
foedarii – Roman ‘allies’, who provided contingents of auxiliary troops which fought with Roman armies
frameae - small lance used by tribes such as the Goths
francisca - barbarian throwing axe
fugi – ‘flee’
hasta – Roman spear used in early Republican as well as late Imperial armies
honestiores – the wealthier classes of the Empire
humiliores – the poorer classes of the Empire
Imperator mortuus est – ‘The Emperor is dead’
Ita vero - 'in truth', 'indeed', 'quite'
ite – ‘pass through’ or ‘move along’
irrumator – bastard, used as a curse
Isauria - isolated region in southern Asia Minor
latifundia – vast farming estates, typically dependent on slave labor
legatus - subordinate commander
leuge – leagues, a measure of distance equivalent to three miles
limitanei – frontier or static troops of the late Roman army, typically established in garrisons along the boundaries of the Empire
Magister Equitum – ‘Master of Horses’, the top cavalry commander in the late Roman army, east or west
Magister Militum – ‘Master of Soldiers’, one of the top military commanders in the east or west, typically in command of the infantry. In the west, he became a sort of king-maker for the weaker emperors
Magister Officiorum - 'Master of Offices', senior imperial bureaucrat, supervises imperial administration
Mare Hadriaticum – Adriatic Sea
medicus – medical officer, medic
notarius – ‘secretary’, ‘aide-de-camp’
Ordinarius - late Roman centurion
palatina – soldiers of the late Roman field army, elite guardsmen
paterfamilias – the male head of a family or clan, traditionally endowed with great powers over his relative, including life and death
Patrician – a title which, in the late Roman west, denoted one who held the power behind the throne; usually but not always linked with the Magister Militum
praefectus equitium – late Roman cavalry commander
praestiti – ‘diligent ones’, referring to a Senate faction opposed to Odoacer
Praetorium - command tent
primicerius – late Roman officer, senior centurion
princeps – prince, one of the earliest forms referring to the Roman emperor
protectorii - staff officers
pugio – late Roman dagger
quadriga - four-horsed chariot
sagitarii - Roman horse-archers
scriniarius – administrative official, clerk
semispatha - cavalry shortsword
senatus consultum – used to refer to a non-binding resolution passed by the late Roman Senate
silentiarii - imperial ushers of the Byzantine court
solidi – Roman coin worth 12 denarii
spatha – sword used in late Roman armies, longer than the traditional gladius
stadia – a measure of height equivalent to 625 Roman feet (607 ft., 9 in.)
subsisto – ‘halt’, ‘hold’
tabernaculum – command tent, main tent
templum - Roman temple
tertium - the third
Trajaneum – vast market in Rome constructed during the reign of Trajan
tribunus liburnarum – late Roman naval officer, tribune in charge of ships
triremis – standard warship of antiquity with three banks of rowers
tunica - clothing adopted by late Romans in place of the toga, having a longer hem and longer sleeves, eventually worn with trousers introduced by the barbarians and a half-circle cape
urbanii – used to refer to local garrison troops or a form of policemen
vaticanus collis - the Vatican Hill, upon which St. Peter's basilica was built in the 5th century
ventus - wind
veruta – late Roman javelin
Via Principalis – the main roadway of a typical Roman military camp
visne saltare - would you care to dance?