Armagnac Brandy
Our land is rich in many ways,
But mostly wine.
It has received many a praise
For taste divine.
But brandy do not seek today,
You’re out of luck,
The Spaniards keep from us away
Our Armagnac.
From all the corners of our lands
You hear the cry:
Away with Spaniards! God demands
That they should die!
The villain and the lord alike
Shall lack no pluck,
When ‘tis a time our foe to strike
For Armagnac.
In dreadful silence our host
Takes the field,
’Tis not a time for empty boast
Yet none shall yield.
The Spaniards form into the line,
Attack, attack!
We shall get back our Brandywine
Of Armagnac!
Commentaries: This popular 16th century song jokingly implies that the true cause for the first war between the kingdoms of Aquitaine and Castille was the popular desire to drink Armagnac brandy. Good for a laugh, it certainly cannot be taken serious, for the traders of Castille were more than happy to sell this particular brand abroad.
In 1531 King Louis I passed away, succeeded by his son, Louis II. Prince Louis proved to be a more competent ruler than his father, but not by a large margin. His skills in governing the country aside, he possessed his father’s ambitions. A month after the coronation took plans he was planning his attack on Castille.
The attack was rather problematic. Castille was allied to Portugal, Aragon, Normandy and Granada. Aquitaine was allied to Bretagne, Orleans, Provence and Aragon. The latter would, without a doubt, choose Carlos I of Castille over Louis II of Aquitaine. The wisest course to take would be to launch an attack on Normandy, thus bringing all Aquitani allies to action, while limiting the enemy alliance to Castille and Normandy itself.
Unfortunately, Aquitaine had no casus belli on the Normandy. Fortunately, Normandy had casus belli on Bretagne, both Duchies disputing the ownership of Maine. This dispute soon led to war, saving King Louis II the trouble of declaring war himself. There was a downside to entering the defensive call of Bretagne, however – the other two allies of Aquitaine could not be called to war. It was Normandy against Bretagne and Castille against Aquitaine, both acting as defenders of their weaker allies.
The war was fought on three fronts.
Armee de Normandie, formerly
Armee de Gascogne, soon to be
Armee de l’Espagne, led by one of the greatest generals of the time, Pierre Wernigerode, fought in cooperation with Breton forces. First, it brought the submission of Normandy, the Duke forced to accept Louis II as his suzerain and pay war indemnities. Later, it moved against Castille itself, freeing Armagnac and eventually overrunning most of Castille proper.
Armee de Bourgogne was led by Philippe Werden. Initially, it was outnumbered 3:1 by the forces of Castille, led by King Carlos I himself aided by his son, Prince Ferdinand.
Armee de Bourgogne was assisted by a siege train with artillery. Artillery, however, was mostly used in sieges and saw little action in battle.
At first, the war in the east progressed with mixed results, Castille concentrating on capturing the County of Avergne, while Werden aimed to liberate Bourbonnais and Nevers. The decisive point of the struggle was the epic battle of Nevers, where Philippe Werden’s 8,000-strong army (2,000 of this number cavalry) faced some 6,500 Spaniards (3,100 knights and 7 artillery pieces). Despite suffering 954 casualties, the Aquitani general managed to annihilate the entire enemy army, killing Carlos I himself in the heat of the battle. Since that day Philippe Werden was known as the Kingslayer.
Prince Fernando became Fernando VI of Castille. His bold actions and determined defense in the face of superior Aquitani forces prolonged the struggle in the east for another three years. The Kingslayer was not able to best him in battle, no matter how badly Philippe wanted to earn this
nom de guerre for the second time in one war. In the end Werden was transferred to Castille to fight against Fernando Orellana. This brave Spanish general managed to give a lot of grief to Aquitani forces without winning a single battle, his guerilla tactics delaying the advance of the
Armee de l’Espagne. He managed to keep his army alive until the very end of the war.
Same can be said of Fernando VI as well. Once general Wernigerode took Werden’s place, the young King of Castille was finally defeated in defensive battle of Bourgogne. However, his army was not annihilated and the casualties on both sides were so high that Wernigerode refused to pursue him to Othe.
By this time most of Castille was occupied by Aquitaine and Breton forces with only the fortress of Gibraltar resisting the invaders in the south and general Orellana keeping the fight in the north.
Despite the brave resistance offered by two Fernandos, Castille had to surrender sooner or later. The terms of peace treaty were rather generous, or so were the thoughts of King Louis II. Castille ceded Armagnac, Bourbon and Nevers and paid a small amount of war indemnities. Nevers was released as a vassal state of Aquitaine. Armagnac with its famous brandy became part of the province of Gascogne. Bourbonnais was kept too, to punish the province for treacherous behavior of its Dukes some sixty years ago.
The victory over Castille brought Aquitaine recognition from most of the courts of Europe. Now she was a major power and no one disputed her rulers calling themselves the kings.
Western Europe in 1537
Dark and Light Purple: Kingdom of Aquitaine with allies and vassals (Pr. for Duchy of Provence, Or. for Duchy of Orleans and Nv. for County of Nevers)
Yellow: Kingdom of Castille
Green: Duchy of Lorraine, all her provinces within HRE by now
White: Archduchy of Austria in the west
Light Blue: Duchy of Ile-de-France, vassal to Austria since 1532
Red: United Kingdom of England and Ireland
Teal: Kingdom of Aragon, ally to both Castille and Aquitaine