Riunire le nubi... (gathering clouds)
Mussolini was standing and looking out of the window in his private office at the House of Parliament in Rome. The atmosphere in Europe had become tenser lately with the newspapers constantly writing about the war between the so-called Allies and Germany and her allies. The world had been stunned about the achievements of the German Wehrmacht in Poland. In less than a month, the Wehrmacht’s 99 divisions had crushed Polands 73 divisions! Although, many had believed that Germany would be victorious at the end unless France and Great Britain intervened, few had believed that it would have been possible in less than a year. While the basic training of the German soldiers were superior to the Polish, part of the secret lay in Germany’s 4 motorized divisions and 7 armored and light armored divisions. An additional source of Germany’s success was it vastly superior Luftwaffe that had 32 squadrons of the latest aircrafts compared to the just 7 squadrons of the Polish air force.
The Allies had reacted with their usual hesitation. Although they had honored their alliance with the Poles, the effect had been all but impressive. A landing of French elite troops in Danzig was all that had happened. With little to stop them, the Germans had now turned their eyes to Scandinavia to ensure the vital flow of iron ore from Sweden. Denmark had chosen to lay down their arms in face of impossible force. The Norwegians had chosen to take up arms against the German invaders, but had been forced back despite bitter resistance. So far Italy had chosen to remain neutral in accordance with the I-plan to ensure the quality of the Italian armed forces before entering into war, but the question was how long this was sustainable. Europe was in turmoil and one had to seize the opportunity now in order to take advantage of the momentum…
German soldiers during the invasion of Norway...
Mussolini was interrupted in his line of thought by his ADC that entered the room. The ADC waited tactfully until Mussolini looked at him.
“Yes?”. “Il Duce, I have news of the outmost importance for you. Germany has declared war on the Low Countries – Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg!” “A declaration of war on three countries at the same time, with the campaign in Norway still not finished?!?! The success of the Germans has apparently turned to their head!”. “Nevertheless, the time is soon upon us when Italy will reclaim its rightful position in history!” Mussolini glanced at the calendar - The date was 2nd May 1940. “I want you to set up a meeting in the Fascist Grand Council on the 14th of May to discuss Italian reactions to the recent development”
The development of the battle plan for Fall Gelb from the original plan developed by OKH...
On the 14th of May 1940 the Fascist Grand Council was assembled in Houses of Parliament in a top secret meeting. A whole regiment of Mussolini’s elite troops had been appointed to guard the building and keep all unauthorized personnel out of the building. The well armed soldiers standing with loaded machine guns quickly scared off the few bypassing citizens.
On the 14th of May – Fall Gelb is already well on the way to victory...
Chief of Staff Francesco Grazioli outlined the situation:
“Il Duce, Gentlement... Let me give you an overview of the strategic situation. Italy currently holds territories on the Italian mainland, the protectorate of Albania, Libya, the islands of Sardinia, Dodecanese & Rhodes as well as significant positions in East Africa (Ethiopia and Somalia). Mare Nostrum has so far not seen any significant combat, although Great Britain, France and a number of minors (e.g. Yugoslavia) continue to violate Italian territorial waters. The governments of these impiously countries have also on several occasions questioned Italy’s natural right to rule the entire Mare Nostrum!”
Il Duce took the word:
“Thank you Grazioli. Although, most of us are already aware of the situation, it is important to keep in mind considering the topic of today. Too long, Italy has been allowing the violation of our territorial waters and the subjugation of indigenous Italians. It is about time that the I-plan will come to live! I would like to hear your opinion on what you think the ambitions should be for the coming campaign”.
Chief of the Army Alberto Pariani was the first to speak:
“Il Duce, the army has undergone significant improvement in accordance with the I-plan and is hence ready to undertake several operations. I recommend operations against Yugoslavia in order to ensure the liberation of the Italians there as well as ensuring access to the important industrial area in Belgrade. With Yugoslavia secured, we should move against Greece to ensure the entire coast line under Italian control”
Chief of the Navy Allesandrino Ceresa looked concerned:
“Il Duce, I agree that the impious regimes of Yugoslavia and Greece should be overthrown, but we must focus on the main threats – most notably Great Britain. I therefore recommend a rapid attack on the British possessions in Mare Nostrum combined with an aggressive naval campaign to seize the momentum.”
Over the following hours the Italian battle plan for 1940 was drawn up. It had the following objectives in prioritized order:
- The conquest of Egypt and the Suez channel
- The destruction of the British fleets in Mare Nostrum
- The capture of the Iraqi oilfields in Mosul
- The seizure of Malta
It was agreed that the Italian possessions in East Africa should be left to their destiny given the total lack of strategic relevance and extreme difficulty in defending the territory. Additionally, it was decided that Italy should move on the offensive once it was certain that France would fall – more specifically when Paris was conquered by the Germans…
The fall of Paris...
The German offensive progressed quickly with Norway surrendering on the 27th of May and Holland capitulated on the 29th of May. In Italy, an additional infantry division was deployed and a tactical bomber upgraded to TAC III. On the 8th of June 1940 the Germans marched into Paris and the codeword “Spezia” went out to the Italian troops. The war was about to begin!!!