Rank and File
A Clerk’s War
Friday 14th to Sunday 30th September 1940
With active hostilities at an end Berlin returned to nearly normality. (The Luftwaffe might dispute the end of active fighting, but to the man in the street the bitter confrontations over the Channel were no immediate threat to his own or his family’s safety. In Spain we had nearly half a million men – that translates to a lot of concerned relatives and friends). Strangely, this lull in activity meant more work for me, as every department in every Ministry suddenly discovered a backlog of administrative paperwork. While everyone was concentrating on Spain paperwork was neglected: now it was again a priority the length of Wilhelmstraße. As a result, my diary will be a bit abridged as my available time has been reduced.
In the days following the fall of Gibraltar, a newly formed Sicherung division left for Barcelona. (I should mention here that the "Enterprise" and the remaining troopships of "Trojan Star" escaped from Gibraltar harbour. Nobody knows how it happened: a close watch was being kept to ensure they would be caught by the Nordseeflotte. But, overnight on the 13th September, every ship disappeared! We heard they were seen later heading north up the coast of Spain, but how they got there is a mystery). With full incorporation into the Reich, Spain is likely to be a hotbed of insurrection for some time. Although technically Minister Goebbels (and to some degree Minister Frick) is responsible for security, in reality the Heer will be expected to garrison the major cities and resource rich provinces. As if General von Blomberg did not have enough to do with having to protect the entire coast (particularly the ports) against British invasion. Still, the day that General Behrend took 325th Sicherungsdivision west, it was announced that another garrison and a motorised division were to be called up.
The Luftwaffe was not neglected: my brother’s unit, 2nds Jagdfliegerkorps was increased to three geschwader with the addition of JG 70 “Löwenhardt”. The brand new unit left immediately for Paris, where it will wait for a week or so before it becomes fully operational. Minister Göring failed in his attempt to persuade the Cabinet that more aircraft are a priority: the debate was quite intense (the guard outside the door told me he could hear the Reichsmarschall quite clearly through the thick wooden door of the meeting room) but General von Blomberg won the day and will receive a new coastal defence division.
The very day this was approved, an order was sent to General Rommel: 1st Panzerkorps was to entrain for Königsberg. 1st and 5th Panzer Divisions and 20th and 29th Infanterie Divisions (mot) are already heading East, the beginning of the shift in focus from the west to the east. Minister Schacht has insisted that the process be gradual: moving such large numbers of men and equipment by rail consumes a lot of supplies, though it uses far less fuel.
I think it was around that time that Generalleutnant Fisser reported that his pilots engaged enemy bombers near Épinac. The bombers (thought to be the Middle East Group) were heading south-east, perhaps bound for North Africa. We still don’t know: although several planes were shot down, none of the survivors provided any useful information. Unfortunately, there was a severe breakdown in recordkeeping after the fall of Gibraltar, and no visual record of the encounter was retained. A local garrison unit did send details of a Wellington bomber that crashed near one of its detachments: the Luftwaffe sent a technical team to collect the debris for analysis
Guarding the wreck of the Wellington bomber near Épinac: a lonely (and not very happy) sentry waits for the specialists to arrive from Berlin
The reduction in casualties has had an added benefit: we are now able to devote more attention to research. Studies have shown that an officer ratio of 140% of basic requirements provides the maximum benefit for the Wehrmacht, and with losses now minimal, replacement rates are down significantly. (The only real demand is for new units). So another research team has been set up to use the products of our universities and academies. Its first task is to develop an improved light artillery component for our garrison divisions. They currently use the 7.7cm lG L/20, but early indications are that the L/27 would be an improvement. (While both guns are relics of the last war, the L/27 is easier to transport). Though it is not mentioned openly, senior Wehrmacht officers fear that when the bulk of the regular army is committed to Russia, it may fall on 2nd line units to repel any British invasion in the west. This is the reason for a sudden interest in the welfare of the garrison regiments, and the expectation that they may be called upon to move swiftly to counter a threat requiring artillery.
It is so long since the L/27 was used by an infantry unit that the only photograph of one in action is from 1918. Here Kronprinz Wilhelm inspects a Sturm Battallion firing the then new weapon. (How the sight of those old helmets brings back memories – not all of them pleasant).
It is a long time since the Kriegmarine received any new submarines, so it is a good thing that the Royal Navy has proved so ineffective at detecting our Unterseebootsflottille. For months we have had a flottille at Wilhelmshaven ready to replace any losses, but now a new flottille of Type VIIC boats has been completed and will join Commander Krause. The new 5th Unterseebootsflotte is to commence raiding by the end of the month.
Tuesday 18th signalled the start of an incredible surge of finalised research projects. It began with the development of a new generation of encryption machines, but was quickly followed by the announcement that we have successfully tested an “Electronic Computing Machine” which promises to speed up our research in all fields. I think this new machine may have been used to test results from field trials for our heavy tank designs, because in quick succession the heavy tank project reported on its work into guns, engines and armour for the proposed vehicles. The Luftwaffe was also busy, with our Fallschirmjägers being the beneficiaries of studies into improved airborne assault tactics. The seventh finalised project was for the Kriegsmarine; better armour for an improved light cruiser.
Needless to say, there was a Cabinet meeting to divide the research capacity released by this outburst of intellectual achievement. Over several days a series of announcements were made, and it was clear from the results that the confrontation with Russia dominated the decision making. The Luftwaffe won the first round, with two training programs for its tactical bomber pilots and ground crews, and another program for training dive-bomber pilots. It is obvious, however, that these three victories for Minister Göring relied on support of the Heer. The other four projects were all proposed by Minister von Blomberg.
The ever increasing number of garrison divisions will be boosted by the replacement of their outdated Tankgewehr M1918 with the Pzb S-18/1100. Nobody will miss the Tankgewehr: its usefulness ended with the introduction of armour thicker than 15cm and it is incredibly heavy to carry. The Panzerbüchse is a better weapon, though still underpowered for anything other than light tanks. It is only intended to be used for garrison and security units, so hopefully it will not be called upon to deal with anything better protected.
The 1918 Tankgewehr being used with a spotter. Given the effective range of the weapon (it can penetrate 15mm at 300 metres and 20mm at 100 metres) and the fact that the target was normally an armoured vehicle, one has to question the eyesight of the operator if he needed someone to identify targets for him.
Testing the Panzerbüchse: these soldiers appear pleased, but what if they have to face heavy tanks?
Analysis of high-level mobile warfare theory is to be continued, as are studies into operational level command structures. The final funding allocation has been given to improving ammunition for our rocket artillery units. These Nebelwerfer formations are currently being assigned to coastal defence duties, and it is important they are given the firepower needed to stop invading forces on the beaches.
Preparing to load a 28/31 Nebelwerfer 41 during testing of the new ammunition. One advantage of the new ammunition is that it can be fired from its packing cases if necessary. The second is that loading the rockets will soon get our artillerymen very fit.
Großadmiral Raeder, far away in Gibraltar with the Nordseeflotte, may have felt hard done by when the spoils of the research projects were split, but he and the Kriegsmarine did better when production capacity was freed after our second heavy bomber geschwader was completed. The new geschwader (KG 28) has been named “Dortmund” in honour of the city that has suffered so much from the British strategic bombers. Will “Dormund” inflict similar punishment on English production facilities? It has joined KG 27 “Boelcke” and Generalleutnant Fröhlich at München, and will be ready for action within weeks.
Lined up ready to move to München, He 177 “Greif” bombers of KG 28 “Dortmund”. The other strategic bomber geschwader, JG 27 “Boelcke”, is still equipped with Ju 89 bombers, as priority for replacement aircraft has been given to interceptor and fighter geschwader.
But back to the better news for the Kriegsmarine. Construction of the first “München” class light cruiser has been given the go ahead. The new ship, to be called the “Stettin”, is expected to be completed in October next year. The Heer was not forgotten though, as a new motorised division is also to be equipped.
On the 23rd the Wehrmacht broke new ground. For the first time since the Spanish Civil War German troops will take part in a conflict other than an operation controlled by OKW. Dörstling’s 6th Kampffliegerkorps left Spain for Sicily. From the Italian air base at Palermo it took off for As Sultan, its mission to weaken the Anglo-Iraqi defenders in support of a planned Italian attack. Debriefing of the pilots revealed that the Commonwealth units were very low on supply, but again the documentary evidence has been lost. It will be some time before the bombing mission can be repeated, as Dörstling reports that Palermo is completely out of aviation fuel. It will be a few days before fuel supplies can reach our aircraft. The information has been gratefully received by the Regio Esercito Italiano, and a major offensive can be expected shortly.
Dortmund, the city that celebrated a few days ago when a bomber geschwader was named in its honour, was attacked by the RAF yet again. However the days of unopposed bombing missions for Newall and his pilots are long gone. Dozens of British aircraft were destroyed and chased back to the Channel where some of the greatest air battles in history took place. At times there were more than 1200 aircraft fighting in the 20 mile gap between Calais and Dover, and now the Luftwaffe ahd the edge in numbers as well as quality. The battle lasted for most of the day before the RAF conceded defeat and left control of the skies to Felmy and his Messerschmitts.
The final research project for September was completed on the 27th: the last of the heavy tank projects. The report on the reliability of the vehicles was passed to the Wehrmacht and on the very same day Minister von Blomberg issued a statement that a new unit was to be formed: 1st schwere Panzer Division. The unit would comprise two regiments of the VK 3601(H) tanks supported by 2 regiments of motorised infantry.
A partly completed VK 3601 (H) used in trials (the turret has not been installed to allow easier modifications as the trials continue). With these tanks we should be able to defeat even the most modern Soviet armour
The replacement research funding was again given to the Luftwaffe, albeit an army support related project. To reduce downtime between tactical bombing missions, an investigation of the efficiency command structures in our Kampffliegerkorps will be carried out.
Towards the end of the month, Minister von Ribbentrop informed the Cabinet that our ally Bulgaria has agreed to pay a small sum for the daily delivery of 20,000 tonnes of coal. The price was not important: we would gladly have donated the coal to increase the Bulgarian war effort.
The last days of September saw two significant movement orders. Von Lenski’s 3rd Panzerkorps was ordered to Kraków, a journey that will take some weeks by train. The movement of the two Panzer divisions and two motorised divisions means that Rommel’s Sud-Frankreich Army now has just one leichte Panzerkorps remaining. I suspect that soon my brother and his fellow soldiers will also be boarding troops trains bound for the Russian borderlands.
The other movement was naval, but just as significant. 1st Schlachtflotte (now fully repaired after its clash with the Royal Navy in the Channel) is making a dash from Den Haag to Wilhelmshaven. As I write this at midnight on Sunday 30th September 1940, Admiral Marschall is leading the fleet northwest to safety. The importance of this is apparent: he is not to reinforce the Nordseeflotte for operations in either the Atlantic or the Mittelsee. 1st Schlachtflotte is destined to operate in the Baltic. The Kriegsmarine is moving east. It won’t be long before Luftwaffe units also head that way: at that moment Unternehmen Barbarossa will move from being a theoretical construct to being the greatest invasion force ever assembled.
The “Tirpitz”, flagship of 1st Schlachtflotte, with its escorts in Den Haag, shortly before it led the fleet to sea.
1st Schlachtflotte heads into the Nordsee
Bombing Summary
For the first time in over a year the Luftwaffe has no bombing missions to report, and our troops have lost nobody to enemy attacks.
Unterseeflotte Activity Report
In the past two weeks we have sunk 31 British transports and 5 of their escorts. The Führer der U-boote has provided the map below to show the extent of our activity
Axis Military Situation Maps
Libia: At last the Italians are moving forward. They have taken As Sultan and Bahi and are in the process of driving the Anglo-Iraqi Army of Egypt from An Nawfallyah. It is tempting to attribute this to Dörstling’s attack on As Sultan, but it was just one raid (we estimate 83 casualties inflicted). This has not stopped Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe Göring claiming credit for the breakthrough.
Greece: The Regio Esercito Italiano seems incapable of more than one success at a time. The Greeks have stopped General Messe at the gates of Athina.
China: Progress is slow in China. Japanese sources privately tell our military liaison in Tokyo that the IJA is struggling against the huge numbers of troops that the Kuomintang and its allies can put into the field. Losses are mounting, but the Chinese seem more able to absorb them.
IndoChina: While the risk of losing the whole province has been eliminated, the Guangxi are now present in huge numbers and the IJA has been forced to consolidate its recent gains.