The time of the merchants, Part II
The time of the merchants, part II (1434-1437)
In October 1436 the merchant-dominated government sought to further strengthen its hold over Baltic trade by conquering the port of Danzig. By taking this great port the control of nearly all polish trade would be in the hands of the Republic. Since Danzig was in the hands of the Muscovites they were the ones to receive the formal declaration of war. This is where things first started going wrong for the merchants in power. It turned out that the Muscovites, with control over the rich trade centre of Liguria, had gained the support of the French and their allies the duchy of Artois. So instead of an isolated and fairly weak foe the Swedes now faced a powerful alliance.
The month of the declaration the war started up on two fronts. 10 000 men under marshal Eka landed at Danzig and began the siege and The great republican navy fought off a contingent of ships from Artois in The Sound.
It was decided that the siege of the Muscovite capital at Pskov would have to wait until after the winter. 16 000 men stood ready in Livland when the enemy surprised marshal Bonde by crossing the frozen Velikaya river for the attack. 5 000 Russians soundly defeated the Swedish army and with 2 000 dead or captured the Swedes withdrew to Estland to recover. In March an attempt was made to oust the Muscovites, this ended in fiasco as the Swedes lost again, and again withdrew. In June a final battle saw a final defeat of the Swedes, but since the Russians were now less than a thousand strong they saw no alternative but retreat. Marshal Bonde was hard on their heels and after a short skirmish in July the Muscovites saw no alternative but to withdraw to their keep and hope the winter would break the Swedish siege of Pskov.
Meanwhile attrition was high at the siege of Danzig and men died by the hundreds, suffering from an outbreak of dysentery within the camp. The siege had to be continually reinforced with fresh troops from home, and still it was making little headway. Both sieges now dragged on for two more winters until finally in June 1439 the city of Danzig fell, followed by Pskov in September the same year. The war had so far cost the Swedes over 30 000 dead and almost emptied the treasury. The republican government was now ready for peace but the enemy alliance would not yield Danzig. Instead they offered vast indemnities and since the Republics coffers were now emptied the peace was agreed in September 1440. Sweden returned control of both Danzig and Pskov in exchange for 306 000 ducats.
The prestige of the merchant faction was now seriously damaged, the war had been a net loss in funds and it had broken the morale of the army. Moreover it had shown the rest of Europe the impotence of her armies and without the protection of the powerful navy there was no telling what her neighbours might do. In order to rectify this mess the ruling merchants decided to conquer Denmark. In March 1442 war was declared and an army of 15 000 men was landed on the beaches off Skagen. It met with only token resistance from the Kings Guard and was thus able to lay siege with relative ease.
In April a breakout attempt by the Danish army was crushed and in May their navy suffered the same fate. By October the town was ready to fall. At this point the treasury was again empty however and the soldiers threatened mutiny unless they were paid. To prevent this calamity the rulers turned to their own faction for support and the merchants of Sweden were forced to contribute 200 000 ducats to the state. Shortly thereafter Skagen fell and Denmark was annexed. The government was saved for now, but at the cost of its reputation with their own faction.
In November of 1443 the noble faction finally saw their opportunity to gain power when foreign drill instructors appeared at parliament with the invitation of the high army commanders. For the extraordinary amount of 250 000 ducats they offered to raise both the quality and leadership skills of the army. As the government was weakened by its inept performance over the preceding decade the nobles were able to force the decision through the parliament. The cost forced the state into a loan with the bankers of Italy and by now the government was paralyzed. As a measure of financial stability all investments in new merchant activities were cancelled.
In September 1444 the price for this cancellation came when the burghers of Västerbotten rose in revolt. Having lost the control of their own trade to Genoese merchants meant potential poverty and ruin. The revolt did not die out until February 1446 since the cash-strapped authorities had to starve it into submission. In May 1447 Grandmaster Håvard, the strongman of the revolution more than 30 years earlier, died. The merchants had by now lost confidence in their own leadership, and since they had been forced to contribute much of their own wealth just to keep the state running, they didn’t oppose the nobles as they took over power. The time of the nobles was at hand.
Sweden in 1447