The Year of Aggression
Part 11: Operation Ariarathes II, October 22 – November 3, 1939
The end of October and the first three days of November were a period of triumph for Italy, and particularly for the 7a Armata. What little Turkish resistance manifested itself was swept away with bare effort. By the beginning of November 3rd, Italian forces were on the verge of pushing the Turks out of Eregli, and were sweeping into Ankara. Victory was at hand, as was a return to peace.
On the 23rd, Roatta’s and Pintor’s bridgeheads combined and all formations had their objectives pushed further eastward. There was no single overarching geographical objective for pushing the front forward as Pintor was doing. He merely wanted to keep it a moving target, to prevent a Turkish defense from congealing in front of his southern flank. Furthermore, pushing forward quickly protected the main thrusts, which were in the north, from any possible future Turkish counterattacks in the south, should they mass sufficient forces in that area of the front to even dare mount such an operation. This was war as Mussolini liked it: quick and nearly bloodless, as opposed to the Yugoslav campaign.
Operations in Yugoslavia continuing from secure beachheads.
In the north, Frattini and Messe were driving a Turkish division before them, inflicting upon it a sequence of minor defeats and forcing it to give up position after position. By the 27th, Frattini and Messe were within striking distance of Eregli, the only other major Turkish naval base. Here Frattini and Messe parted trails. Frattini took the direct road toward Eregli, while Messe took a detour toward Akyazi before turning back to head toward Eregli by a different road. Given its obvious importance, and status as an objective for the Italian forces, it was sure to be defended heavily. To the south, the other two divisions of Gambara’s corps were too far back to influence operations much. Scattini, of Roatta’s corps, received the most ambitious orders, however. He was to march directly to Ankara and conquer that city, the capital of Turkey. The lack of Turkish defenses on the front—at this time there were still only four known Turkish divisions in the entirety of western Anatolia—was causing a wave of confidence amongst the 7a Armata.
Operations were expanding, with objectives being set further and further eastward.
By the 28th, Eregli was placed in a state of siege as Frattini attacked it head-on. His two brigades were opposed by two brigades of cavalry. Messe, meanwhile, had levered the Turks out of Duzce with minimal casualties and was also approaching Eregli, ready to take part in that battle. The real event, however, began on the 2nd as Scattini marched past tattered the Turkish forces in the environs of Eregli to the north of his division and pushed forward daringly and began pushing into Ankara, trusting to Turkish incompetence to protect his flanks. Arrayed against him was the high command, the headquarters of the entire Turkish army. The battle for Ankara had begun.
The battle of Ankara.
In truth, ‘the battle for Ankara’ is not only an exaggeration but even a downright misnomer. Its capital under threat, the Turkish government fled to Egypt and thence to London, abandoning the state. The Turks offered their surrender one hour after midnight on the 3rd, merely two hours after Scattini began his push into Ankara. Turkish forces everywhere laid down their arms. The last Italian to die in the war was the one man who died on the streets of Ankara. Over one hundred Italians died at Eregli. As compared to these losses, the Turks in these two engagements lost twenty and four hundred and thirty-one, respectively.
Turkey surrenders!
Peace had returned to Italy after two campaigns of conquest. Of these campaigns, the former was a long and bloody affair in which thousands of Italians perished for the greater glory of Italy. Comparatively, Turkey fell in two weeks and at the cost of approximately five hundred Italian lives. The conquest of Turkey gave Italy a window into the Black Sea, and most particularly the Soviet Black Sea coastline, as well as allowing it to cast a long shadow, should it choose to do so, over the rest of the Middle East. While a more detailed examination of the strategic benefits of Yugoslavia and Turkey will wait until the conclusion of this chapter, they were significant enough to be, worth, in the case of Turkey, more than sharing a border with the Soviet Union.