CHAPTER 1
1444-1467
FROM VARNA TO DANZIG
The playthrough starts in a crucial moment for the history of Europe on 11th November 1444, one day after the disastrous battle of Varna.
We won't
delve into details – what's important is that Władysław by God's grace king of Poland, Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia and lands of Kraków, Sandomierz, Sieradz, Łęczyca Kuyavia, Supreme Prince of Lithuania, lord and heir of Pomerania and Ruthenia, died during the battle. The crusade failed, the fate of Byzantium was sealed and the Ottomans were now free to consolidate their power. But for our story more important are the consequences Władysław's death had for Poland.
Władysław III Jagiełło was son of Władysław II Jagiełło, one of the most important rulers in the history of Poland. Under his true name Jogaila he was the last pagan ruler in Europe and as a Grand Prince of Lithuania he understood that Lithuania can no longer be isolated. With Catholic Teutonic Knights and Poland in the West, Orthodox Russian
principalities in the East and Muslim Tatars in the South the conversion was inevitable – the only question was from whom the new faith should be accepted? Teutonic Knights as the main enemy of Lithuania were not an option – Jogaila feared that by doing this he would become dependent from them. In the end, in 1385 Union of Krewo was signed between Poland and Lithuania. This treaty without exaggeration is said to be absolutely crucial for history of Eastern Europe. Two nations, united by Christian faith and one ruler known henceforth as Władysław II Jagiellon, were to begin the centuries-long period of shared history.
CONTROVERSY said:
Applicare in Union of Krewo treaty
Treaty of the Union of Krewo contained several provisions concerning both countries, like christianization of Lithuania, war prisoners exchange and others. One of this provisions caused a great controversy and to this day is a subject of debate. Aforementioned provision stated that lands of Lithuania and Ruthenia (more or less today Ukraine and Belarus) shall be „attached” to the Crown of Poland. However, Latin term „applicare” is rather ambiguous which caused problems with legal interpretation of this provision. Three main ways of approaching the problem could be distinguished:
1. „Applicare” means incorporation; all Lithuanian and Ruthenian lands became parts of Kingdom of Poland and thus Grand Duchy ceased to exist as a sovereign state.
2. „Applicare” means subjugation; Lithuania became a vassal of Crown of Poland
3. „Applicare” means unification; Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland formed personal union
But this is just de jure state of things we're talking about – de facto both countries formed personal union in 1385. However, the various interpretations of the treaty have vastly different implications for status of Lithuania in the Commonwealth. The problem is open to this day – I was taught (in Polish schools) that „obviously” Lithuania was incorporated by the Polish Crown and I'm sure that this interpretation isn't common in Lithuania. Even setting apart arguments between historians from both countries, the unfortunate use of „applicare” forced use of more precise language in next treaties or „unions”, such as Pact of Vilnius and Radom in 1401 and Union in Horodło in 1413. In the end Union of Lublin (Unia Lubelska, Liublino unija) signed on 1st July 1569 saw both countries merged into the Commonwealth, thus making the controversy null and void.
Rule of Władysław II Jagiellon was incredibly important for Poland's history (to mention only war with Teutonic Knights and battle of Grunwald in 1410) – by the way, today his face is on every 100 PLN banknote in Poland – but it's outside of the scope of our story. Jogaila died in 1434 and with his death personal union between Poland and Lithuanian ended. His successor – Władysław II Jagiełło – was only 16 years old when in 1440 he was offered the crown of Hungary, accepting which drawned Kingdom of Poland into later crusade for Varna. But he was not the only son of Jogaila – his brother Kazimieras (or Kazimierz in Polish) was proclaimed as Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1440 and after his brother's death on the battlefield he was seen as the obvious candidate for the future king of Poland.
Here ends history and begins chaos of Random Number God rule.
I start by taking missions to ally and RM with Lithuania. Why? Let's take a look at requirements to get a personal union and make Kazimieras Jogailaitis into Kazimierz IV Jagiellończyk:
[ ] Stability at least 1
[ ] Diplomatic Power at least 100
[x] Have regency council
[x] Has no heir
[x] Is not a subject nation
[x] At peace
[x] Lithuania: Ruler is Kazimierz; Ruling dynasty is Jagiellon; Is not a subject nation
As you can see, we desperately need every diplomatic MP we can get and through this incredibly easy missions you can get +50 dip. You really want to enact the special decision to create personal union as quickly as you can – RNG has no mercy and you can easily end up with Lithuania in war with Denmark, getting a heir or fail to fulfill the requirements otherwise. Which is pretty annoying. Thus, as soon as you can you have to-
Huh. See, that's what I'm talking about – all kind of weird things can happen! I don't have RM with Hungary but actually this is believable... kinda. Anyways, I focus on MP generation and basically sit quietly. Use this time to build up your army, save some gold and improve relations with Austria (yes, with Austria) or forge a claim on Danzig – not on Chełmno, there is a mission which will give you a claim on it for free. If everything goes well - as it did in my case - not after long you will see this:
In 1445 we get PU, decent although not astonishing ruler (no offence, Kazimierz IV) and we transform from rather weak country into a regional power. With powerful Lithuanian armies we will proceed to roflstomp the whole region during the next several decades – thanks fellas, you are the best! Oh, what is it? Why I allied Austria since we all know that Germans and Poles hate each other, WW2 and stuff? Well, Austria is the best ally you can get as Commonwealth – they will fight with you against Ottomans and Muscowy and they have no interest in going east because of France. Plus you basically make sure that HRE won't turn against you – a rather important thing if you ask me. What? Gameplay over history? Actually not really - this is a great occasion to clear one of the several popular misconceptions about Polish/Commonwealth history.
MYTH said:
Poles and Germans – eternal enemies?
Mostly because of the tragic experience of 20th century there is a stereotype that allegedly Poles and Germans were adversaries since, well, the very beginning. This point of view was especially promoted during 1945-1989 period by socialistic government of The Polish People's Republic. Why? Well, it was a great distraction for the regime – using fresh memory of WW2 and real fear that Germany, be it GDR or FRG, is going to take back territories annexed by Poland after the war. It's worth to mention that both Polish and Soviet governments were using this situation to pose as the only guarantors of Polish western border. It shouldn't be surprising that communistic propaganda was trying to make a connection between Polish-German conflicts in 10-12th century, Prussian contribution to partitions and Third Reich. But what is the truth?
Well, to put it bluntly view of „eternal” animosity between both nations is almost completely bullcrap. Unlike England and France, HRE and Kingdom of Poland didn't perceive each other as mortal enemies. There were exceptions of course but more or less it looked like this:
1. 966-1138 period: christanization and rise of Kingdom of Poland, frequent border conflicts between eastern Marchs of HRE and Polish Crown; Polish kings were either supporting the kaiser or, like during the investiture controversy, were opposing him ; their goals was to retain independence and sovereignty
2. 1138-1320 period: The Fragmentation begins and Poland is divided into small realms ruled by House Piasts, among them five principalities – Silesia, Greater Poland, Mazovia, Sandomierz, Kraków – are the most important; German settlement and numerous foundations of new villages and cities based on German town laws (Magdeburg rights); in 1226 Teutonic Order is invited to protect the realm from pagans; in 1241 united forces of Piast princes, military orders (Templars, Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights) and Holy Roman Empire (among them Duchy of Bavaria) face the Mongol army during First Invasion of Poland in battle of Legnica led by prince of Silesia Henry II „the Pious” Piast
3. 1320-1466 period: while trade with HRE and German settlement continues, increasing friction with Teutonic Order starting with capture and massacre of Danzig leads to several wars (Polish-Teutonic War 1326-1332, Great War 1409-1411, Thirteen Years War 1454-1466); Poland (later Poland-Lithuania) wins
4. 1466-1701 period: in 1525 after secularization and transformation of Teutonic Order into Duchy of Prussia what's left of Knights is know a fief of Kingdom of Poland; Thirty Years War (1618-1648) sees Commonwealth practically not involved in the conflict; in 1683 Holy Roman Empire together with Commonwealth as its ally stops Ottoman Empire advancements into the west in battle of Vienna; in 1701 Kingdom of Prussia is created
5. 1701-1795 period: fall and decline of Commonwealth, Prussian involvement in internal politics of Commonwealth; Saxon dynasty House Wettin involves greatly weakened Commonwealth in HRE politics; collapse and partitions by Russia, Prussia and Austria
6. 1795-1939 period: Poles support Napoleon who creates Duchy of Warsaw; germanization in Prussian Partition; rise of nationalism, uprisings, Spring of Nations; in 1914 Poles fight in armies of both sides; in 1918 from collapsing Austria, Russia and Prussia emerges Second Polish Republic
This is obviously a terrible, terrible simplification but what's important is that, unlike what many claim or what 20th century political propaganda was trying to force on people, there was never an „eternal” conflict between both countries. Quite the contrary – Commonwealth during its golden age was facing Sweden, Muscowy and Ottomans but was either allied or neutral in regard to HRE and House of Habsburg. As you can see, reality was much more complicated than stereotypes make you think.
Anyways, with 1.7 patch and Res Publica DLC active we get this tasty event:
Right. Apart from introducing
wolna elekcja (free election) in 1445 rather than 1573 and effectively eliminating House Jagiełło from the game very quickly (seriously, wtf Paradox?) the flavor text for this even is mostly accurate. Anyways, we get elective monarchy in 15th century. How is it working? Well, it's rather... crude.
There is no interface to speak of and all I can do to influence the election is to spend 5 legitimacy to get 5 points of support (whatever this is supposed to be) for my Polish-Lithuanian candidate. Candidate stats are pretty good but we'll see how this works out – I'm not sure whether slightly better than average stats are going to beat low legitimacy. Oh well, we'll see about that. To celebrate the personal union and transformation into elective monarchy (y u get rid of Jagiellons, Paradox?) I decide to DOW Teutonic Knights.
Me, my puppets and Austria together have 85,000 troops while TO, Hungary and Livonian Order have 27,000. As you can easily imagine, the war is rather boring. Quick white peace with Hungary and several sieges later it's over.
New truce system ensures peace with the knights for a long, long time. Meh – it's of no concern, I can blob in other directions as well. You may notice that I took Danzig from Teutonic Knights despite it's high cost in ADM to core. Why? Well, I want to get Prussian as accepted culture as quickly as possible plus it will not only make my trade power in Baltic much bigger but also will separate Pomerania from Teutons – my clay, HRE! Both holy orders join coalition against me, which is a wise move. Not that it would matter of course.
Meanwhile I get awful event concerning elections when I can choose between -1 stability (arresting the plotters) or 50% chance of my heir dying. He dies obviously but that's not what's annoying me about that. The real problem is that assassination was basically non-existent in the Commonwealth. Tell me, have you ever heard of Michał Piekarski?
PERSON OF THE WEEK said:
Michał Piekarski
While in the West folks were decapitating, assassinating, poisoning or just straight killing their kings, here in glorious Commonwealth such barbaric things never happened. Or at least that's what we like to tell ourselves. But in all honesty, there were almost no cases in which rulers of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were personally targeted by their enemies or subjected to violence. But it doesn't meant that it didn't happen at all.
Michał Piekarski of the House Topór (topór = axe) was perhaps the only noble who ever raised a hand against his king. Suffering from a head injury in his adolescence, he was experiencing melancholy and sudden episodes of rage. Due to his obvious psychological problems he was for a time kept under custody and had a guardian assigned to him to take care of his possessions. Having heard about assassination of Henry IV of France he decided to kill king Sigismund III Vasa for some reason which he attempted to do in 1620.
He failed.
He managed to wound the king however. During the interrogation he was tortured to expose his accomplices – but there were none. Mentally unstable noble experiencing severe pain wasn't a good source of information and thus a Polish proverb „pleść jak Piekarski na mękach” („to blab like Piekarski under torture” which means to say gibberish, to talk without sense) was born. His assassination attempt created a huge outrage among nobility and in the end he was executed, deemed guilty of high treason.
It wasn't pleasant however.
His hands were cut off – a punishment for raising them against king – and his body was ripped apart by fours horses, his remains were burned and what was left from him was loaded into cannon and blown to pieces so that his ashes could be „taken by the wind”. And so ended the first and only assassination attempt on king of the Commonwealth.
Anyways,
Whatshisname Zygmunt is dead. Who is the new heir of glorious Poland and Lithuania?
Huh. I wonder how this will work out.
I get bored by waiting for truce to be over so I decide to change my capital.
Oh Warsaw, you are truly an important city for Polish history – not because I live here or because of tragic events in 20th century or not even because of the puppet created by Napoleon and called the Duchy of Warsaw. No, you are important because with moving the capital to Mazovia the seeds of Commonwealth destruction were planted. You see, Mazovia was a rather poor province, hence Polish nobility –
szlachta – was rather poor too. However, being close to the place were the
wolna elekcja was held, these fellas had completely unproportional influence on its outcome. Which led to disaster in the long term, but more about it in future chapters.
Coring is finally completed and, lo and behold, we accept Prussians now! Welcome to the glorious Commonwealth, where all cultures
are will be accepted soon and you
can believe will be allowed to believe in whatever you want as long as you pay taxes as soon as I complete Humanist ideas. Before that happen though... Catholicism strong? I took Diplomatic Ideas because I need every single ADM point for coring and getting to ADM level 10 as soon as possible and since I have to keep up on par with neighbors in MIL, DIP is the only real option. I always do this while playing as a land power – it's not like I need naval power or trade and by burning DIP on ideas I can quickly unlock my National Ideas which are really, really good.
Some of you may wonder how come Piasts be a rulers in Mazovia. Well, long story short, Kingdom of Poland suffered from a period of decentralization between
1138 when Bolesław III Wrymouth in his testament – Statute of Succession – divided the whole country between his sons (great idea, Bolek, what could possible go wrong, right?) and
1325 when Władysław I the Elbow-high (seriously, that's how they called him) ended this mess. It kinda reminds period of decentralization from which France recovered after HYW but with one crucial difference – all princes in Poland were members of House Piast. This obviously made reunification much easier. Speaking of which:
The sooner you integrate your vassals as Poland, the better. With bigger army and stronger economy I am now ready for war. I get Justified Demands event and since it would be a real shame to waste it, I quickly DOW Hungary.
Alas, Hungarian is no longer in the same cultural group as Western Slavs but it matters not – I'm not really that interested in conquering them. So why attack them, you may ask, to which answer is obvious – why not? Military tradition boost is worth it on itself and I'll get truce with them and thus safe southern border. But the true reason of this war is even more gamey than you may think.
Ta-dam! Hungary is weakened, glorious Poland is stronger and thanks to my and Austrian gains I know share border with the Emperor and because of that I get Western Arms Trade which gives me -10% technology cost. This plus The Jagiellonian University in Cracow – founded in 1364 by king Kazimierz the Great, the last Piast to rule Poland - with its -5% technology cost bonus means that as Eastern country I effectively have 125-15=110% technology cost. I don't have to explain how important this is for survival and prosperity of Polish-Lithuanian Union.
I also ally Novgorod which thanks to the new truce mechanic is still alive and kicking. I hope it's not to late – I won't have much time to stop Muscowy before they start to blob like crazy. Some time later the truce finally is over and in 1464 I can DOW Teutonic Order.
Right. It's obviously more complicated than Paradox puts it but we'll focus on this in the next chapter. Knights obviously stood no chance – just like their allies.
I don't care about AE at this moment. With Lithuania, Austria and Brandenburg on my side there's really nothing to be worried about. So without hesitation I take as much of Livonian Order as I can and I completely swallow Riga, which I promptly release as my vassal – come on, I won't be coring 8 basetax province with no claim. This costs me a lot of diplomatic points but I couldn't care less about DIP technology.
Soon after they are crushed, the war is over.
Suck it, Krzyżacy. Or should I say Teutonic Knights?
In next chapter we will explore the history of Polish-Tetonic relations and start what I like to call Preemptive Partitions by waging first of the many wars to come – but this time with much more worthy opponent...