The reign of Leopold I: 1659-1705
Leopold I, the Archduke of Austria... soon to become Leopold I, the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and move the Imperial throne from Madrid to Vienna... started his rule in 1659. The beginning of his reign was relatively peaceful.
In 1662 Albania declared its independence from the Ottomans. It was a good sign... or so Albania thought until the Turks managed to reconquer the country.
In 1664 Leopold, like many leaders around Europe, got dissappointed in Counter-Reformation and made peace with Protestants... at least on paper. If there was no way to persuade them to come back to Mother Church, he would force them to do so.
In 1665 war was declared on Gelre, which was a thorn in the Archduke's butt for quite a long period of time. In 1670 this thorn was removed after exhausting war against Gelre's allies - Provence, England and Hessen. Hessen was eliminated as well - the Archduke's impatience with the Electors was beginning to show. He was determined to become the only Elector of the Empire.
England paid 200,000 ducats, while Provence was let go for much less. English attacked both in Italy and Germany, impressing Ferdinand with their army and not impressing the Austrian admirals with their fleets.
Wallachia was annexed by the Ottomans in 1674... again. Soon the Ottomans declared war on Hellas.
Austria retaliated by declaring war on the Ottomans. Scotland thought it was good moment to reconquer Brittanya and drag Provence into the brawl. Wishfull thinking indeed. Blessed are those who dream for they sometimes may get to do it for free... Needless to say Brittany made peace with Scotland with no territorial gains for Austria and her alliance.
The war with the Ottomans raged for years... business as usual. Constantinople fell and Austrians for the first time (or did it too happened before?) invaded Asia Minor. Even France honored the long-established tradition of attacking the Habsburg empire from the west, when the latter is embroiled in the struggle with the infidel in the east. This problem had to be addressed. With France came Saxony, Bremen and Sweden. Two of these countries were declaring war on Habsburgs for the last time. The first was Saxony.
The Ottomans conducted a successful (to a point) invasion of Sicily. They must have realized the strategic importance of this island (as it was a threat to their communications lines with Africa - or whatever part they still owed of it). Needless to say, they were soon kicked out of there.
In 1683 Bulgaria (as it was, Austria granted independence to the infidel - Bulgaria was converted to Islam by the Ottomans and the previous Archduke did not bother to check the state's religion before releasing it as a vassa;. This vassalship did not last long) declared war on Hellas. It ended in a draw, but the Bulgars seemed to be gaining an upper hand - a first defensive war with Serbia some years ago seemed to toughened her soldiers.
By that time Austria was finally able to gather enough troops to invade France. Alas, Burgundy capitulated couple of months later, ceding Berri and Orleans. The Austrian allies could not match French might - even as France was down on her knees. Again, thought the Archduke, this problem has to be addressed.
And so, a year later, von Starhemberg - a talented general, skilled in siege warfare, and Prince Eugene - a talented general period, were given an honor to subjugate French once and for all.
Before that the Ottomans finally gave their hopeless attempt to resist the Habsburg invasion and ceded Rumelia, Dobrudja and Wallachia. Wallachia, once again, was granted independence.
In 1686 Hellas accepted tribute from the Ottomans. Greece was spared the fate of Wallachia, Croatia and Albania. Her independence was insured. Especially after the province of Morea rebelled against the Ottomans and joined the Greek state.
In 1688 people of Siena declared their independence. This stresses how much Austria needed to troops to fight various rebellions in all corners of her domains. Soon people of Siena lost their independence. This was hardly a suprise even to the rebels.
In 1692 Hellas ceded Macedonia to Bulgaria after the second war has been fought between two countries. Balkans and Greece proved to be a fighting ground for many small states after Austrians fought so hard to liberate them. At least, the fact that so many of them remained Austrian vassals, insured no alliance wars in the region.
In 1694 Saxons rebelled after a brief period of Austrian rule. The war with France was still raging on and Saxons hoped that this meant the Habsburg hold over the Holy Roman Empire was weakening. They were re-annexed a year later, but not before France - with all her provinces occupied by Austrian forces - surrendered to Leopold I. Louis XIV acknowledged himself a vassal to Austrian Archduke and after accepting couple of bribes from Leopold, agreed to join Austrian alliance.
Soon Dobrudja was granted to Wallachia and Rumelia to Bulgaria - with all the rebels that came with both of them.
In 1700 the last Habsburg King of Spain - Carlos II - has passed away, leaving his kingdom to Louis XIV's newphew. Leopold I, who spent thousands of ducats on bribing Catholic rulers across Europe, was elected the Emperor and was determined to rule Spain as well. He felt he should have been granted the Spanish throne - just as Karl V was in 1516. It took him two years to prepare for this war... when it came it still looked as if he didn't.
The war started in 1702. Spain had on her side the superb navies of England and Portugal and, arguably, one of the best military machines in history of mankind. Her ability to field 200,000 men proved to be a formidable obstacle on a way to Madrid.
Meanwhile, the Imperial forces of Leopold I boasted some 70,000 men led by Prince Eugene and von Starhemberg. Some 50,000 reinforcements were being marched from Bohemia and Italy. Imperial Mediterranean fleet had some more than 40 vessels - about 20 warhsips within it. It was thought a best fleet to sail the waves of the Mediterranean... that is until English showed up from the base in Tunisia (which they conquered some 20-30 years ago). In the same time, France, Burgundy and Brittany were able to field some 80,000 men that would prove crucial to the Austrian success.
However, three years into the war, Leopold I, the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (no more just an Archduke of Austrua, passed away). While the honor of starting this great war belonged to him, it would be Joseph I, still the Emperor, who would get to finish it. Thus, it would be more appropriate to tell about this conflict in the next chapter.