Rank and File
A Clerk’s War
17th June to 19th June 1939
One thing I learned in the past day or so is that diplomacy cannot be hurried. So I didn’t expect to hear that overnight Italy had joined Hungary to fight the Allies. Quite a few senior Wehrmacht officers are missing from their normal haunts and I believe the trains to Italy run frequently. I wouldn’t be surprised to hear that the final discussions are taking place in one of Mussolini’s country estates in Northern Italy.
We could certainly do with something to occupy the French. Once again St Wendel is under attack, but this time Zaiser is not the target. (He and his men are recovering in the rear). This time it is General Bock and his 36.Infanterie who will take the brunt of the French assault. His men are fresh and at full strength, and the French are only committing three divisions, all from Pirmasens. There are other troops available to assist Bock – can we hold the province this time?
It didn’t take long to find out. Virtually the next report in from the west was that the French were retreating. Von Berendt and 25.Infanterie had arrived to support Bock and the French called off their attack before it had really got started. They left 28 dead, and although we lost nearly twice as many (47 men), we will still claim this as a victory. Could this signify a turning point in the west?
I wonder if some of our commanders have got a bit carried away with the good news. Only hours later we heard that General von Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt has ordered 69.Infanterie to attack the French in Pirmasens! There are at least 4 French divisions in the province so I hope he knows what he is doing. It looks like a disaster in the making to me.
Almost simultaneously we received a message from Polen Army Nord. In a sign of the co-operation that the Heer is striving to achieve, General Eike is leading an attack on Wabrzezno using his own 28.Infanterie from VIII Armeekorps, Polen Army Nord, together with Erfuth’s 1.Infanterie Division from 1 Armeekorps, Army of East Prussia. Although Wabrzezno is held by three divisions, led by Praglowski, this looks like a much more promising attack and we expect a quick and positive result.
Our marines have recovered from their earlier battles and have been ordered to invade the mainland (and hopefully encourage the Benelux Army to join them). Both Sturm Marine divisions have moved to invade Sonderborg from Faaborg and revenge our defeat. It will not be easy (the Danes have 3 divisions defending) but General Bottcher has stated his men can do it. He does have assistance from the guns of the Nordseeflotte, so we can only hope his knowledge of his troops’ skill and courage will be justified.
Second Battle of Sonderborg
Finally General Pfeffer has claimed victory in Brodnica! He is a very lucky officer – he definitely bit off more than he could chew when he flung his single infantry division against four Polish divisions 6 days ago. But fortune favours the brave, and he has managed to pull it off, with the help of four other commanders. As I mentioned earlier, he was helped by Guderian’s 1st Leichte from Torun and Curtze’s 20.Infanterie (motorised) from Rosenburg, but was still finding it tough going as the Poles managed to move up another division, giving them nearly 40,000 men.
A photograph taken from a prisoner, presumably showing his unit marching into Brodnica
Today, however, von Manstein joined the battle, crossing the Vistula from Bydgoszcz, and 3.Infanterie (motorised) at last negotiated the ramshackle roads from Grudziadz to reach the enemy positions. Attacked from 5 different directions, the Poles have had enough and have abandoned the province, having lost 2,482 men. Our casualties were fairly high (1,400 dead, mainly from 21.Infanterie) but if we can keep the Poles on the run, it will be worth it. One drawback from the heavy fighting is that unfortunately the roads and bridges are in a shocking condition (less than 50% remain passable), according to the reports filed by the divisional headquarters.
A bridge over the Vistula destroyed by the heavy fighting in Brodnica: keeping our troops supplied as they advance is made harder by these tactics.
Our researchers continue their work, and the Luftwaffe has developed some new tactics for ground attacks that will increase the efficiency of our bombing attacks. I am not sure that the Poles and French think that we need to improve our bombing efficiency, but they will soon see if it makes a difference! The technical staff have been assigned to a new project: improved training for special forces such as paratroopers, engineers, marines and mountain troops.
The 18th started on a good note as we had a decisive win in Tyrawa Woloska, losing only 185 men while inflicting 609 on the Polish cavalry, who have used their mobility to withdraw to Ozenna (which appears to be occupied by several Hungarian divisions). General Volkmann’s record of victories remains unblemished.
A horse abandoned by Nowogrodzko Brigada Kavelerii in the retreat from Tyrawa Woloska: perhaps its rider was one of the men killed in the fighting.
Fresh news from the West is that 25.Infanterie (von Berendt) has joined 69.Infanterie in the attack on Pirmasens, moving from St Wendel to flank the French. Maybe this battle won’t be as disastrous as I had first thought.
I had begun to think that Italy had decided to stay neutral when, just before noon, I heard an official announcement: Italy has honoured its military alliance with the Reich and considers itself at war with the Allies. The reason for the delay was also apparent, not as I had supposed because we were sending negotiators to Italy, but because Il Duce himself has travelled to Berlin to stand next to the Fuhrer to make the announcement.
Il Duce and the Fuhrer make a public appearance after the announcement of Italy’s entry into the war
With the Hungarians on the move, the Osterreich Army has been ordered to advance. 2nd Gebrigsjager under General Friedrich-Willich has clashed with 10 Dywizjon Piechoty in Pruchnik. The order from Army headquarters was simple and direct: take the province and move on as quickly as possible. I was a little confused about the emphasis on advancing quickly, but a short discussion with a Wehrmacht liaison officer clarified things. It would appear that while appreciating the Hungarian intervention, there is a suspicion they will avoid the heavy fighting and concentrate on seizing as much territory as possible. Our troops are to make sure that we occupy as much of Poland as we can when the capitulation occurs.
It only took von Both three days to defeat the 27 Dywizjon Piechoty in Sensburg. Instead of a hard fought action the Poles collapsed. Casualties were low compared to previous battles in the heavily forested region: we lost 269 to their 765. Is this an indication the Polish Army is reaching breaking point?
Late that night the question was answered in the negative. The Poles are not done yet. General Prich with 18,000 men attacked Blaskowitz’s 29.Infanterie (motorised) which had been the first unit to enter deep into Sensburg, moving along the forest roads. Prich’s mixture of cavalry and infantry seem determined to take back the province.
The last message that night was not from a military unit at the front, but a copy of coded radio signal to 1 Unterseebootsflotte, which was at the time in Lisbon harbour, attempting to repair damage to 6 Unterseebootsflottille, which has sustained 28% damage to its submarines. They have been there some time and no repairs are taking place, so the Kriegsmarine has ordered them home. By the time they get back and are repaired, 2 Unterseebootsflotte should have finished its own repairs (from the Britsih carrier plane attack) and we hope another 2 flottille will be ready to join the fleet. To date results from our U-boat fleet are disappointing. Let us hope that with more ships they will improve their strike rate.
As is now becoming a customary event, in the morning I found that more battles had commenced overnight. Someone in the Heer must have decided night attacks are the way to go. I don’t know why: they don’t seem particularly effective, and they make our air support much less effective.
Regardless of my doubts, General List and 18.Infanterie are now engaged with 6 Dywizjon Piechoty in Rypin. Numbers are reported to be fairly equal, so given the natural superiority of our troops and our ample air power, we should be assured of victory. The other battle in Grajewo is on a larger scale, but here we have a slight edge in numbers, as well as one of our best units, 5th Panzer Division. Unfortunately the area is covered in forests and is not the best for armoured vehicles. What is the greatest concern to General von Salmuth, who is leading the attack, is that the enemy have had some time to prepare and are expected to be dug in and be fully provisioned for a battle. He warns that while he still believes he can take the province, casualties will be high.
Battle of Rypin
Battle of Grajewo
General Neuling has taken the messages from OKH to heart. In only a couple of days he has smashed through the 10th Infantry Division, 28 Dywizjon Piechoty and HQ Armia Krakow and taken the province of Wloclawek. He lost a lot of men (766) but if we could keep up this speed the Poles would be in Russia in a few weeks! They are moving east towards Warsaw at full speed, leaving 408 men behind.
Destroyed and abandoned artillery litter the roads after our bombers devastate Wloclawek: General Neuling’s job was made much easier by air support provided by the Luftwaffe.
From Luftwaffe reports, it seems the Royal Air Force has heard of the Italian decision to support our cause. In the morning we were told of an air battle over Pfunds between four of our interceptor geschwader and two British tactical bomber squadrons, protected by long range fighters. This prompted a lot of questions, not only in the Kanzlei building, but also in the Air Ministry. We could understand strategic bombers flying so deep in our territory, but why tactical bombers? We have no troops or military installations so far to the south east of the Westwall. Could they be heading for Innsbruck? Our fighters lost them, and we thought we would hear of them from a Home Defence Anti-air position in an hour or so. But there was no news at all: they just vanished.
I have to admit I speculated a fair bit of the afternoon over the strange British “raid” and what it might mean. I had just reached the point where I was telling myself it was a waste of time, I would never know, when another Luftwaffe report came in, this time from the Gulf of Venice! Our interceptors were involved in another melee with the same group of bombers and their escort. Apparently the target had been an Italian light cruiser off the coast of Italy. Somehow the British had got word that it was at sea, unescorted, and had flown from a base (in France?) to try and sink it. Due to the presence of our fighters it escaped, but there were some worried faces among the Kriegsmarine officers stationed at the Kanzlei. Even a clerk knowing virtually nothing of matters naval (such as myself) could see the implications of this news. The British have sufficient capability to detect a single ship (a local submarine? a spy? a long range reconnaissance aircraft?) and mount a bombing attack across half Europe. Our ships had better make sure they have air protection at all times!
Air Battle over the Gulf of Venice
Bombing Summary
17th June
Wieruszow: Grauert wiuth 2 x He 111:
114, 106, 88, 54
Brodnica: Kesselring with 4 x Ju 87B:
89, 116, 73
Wlocaclawek: Muller-Michiels with 2 x He 111:
104, 128, 57
Sensburg: Kitzinger with 2 x He 111:
109, 96, 70
18th June
Pirmasens: Lohr with 2 x Ju 87B:
47
Wabrezezno: Kitzinger with 2 x He 111:
112, 96, 99
Sensburg: Kesselring with 2 x Ju 87B:
58, 63
Pirmasens: Sperrle with 1 x Bf 109G, 2x Ju 87B, 2 xHe 111:
148, 120
Wloclawek: Muller-Michiels with 2 x He 111:
145, 99, 137
Wloclawek: Muller-Michiels with 4 x He 111, 2 x Ju 87B:
121
19th June
Ostraleka: Kesselring with 2 x Ju 87B:
58, 72, 73, 37
Pirmasens: Lohr with 2 x Ju 87B:
44
Wloclawek: Graueret with 2 x He 111:
100, 95
Grajewo: Muller-Michiels with 2 x He 111:
88, 103, 79
Johannisburg: Kitzinger with 2 x He 111, 2 x Ju 87B:
171
Pirmasens: Sperrle with 1 Bf 109G, 2 x He 111, 2x Ju 87B:
131, 124, 146
Johannisburg: Udet with 2 x Ju 87B:
104, 106, 18
The last news for the day, as usual while I was trying to make sense of what the Luftwaffe delivers to me as a bombing summary, came from General Eike in Wabrzezno: he has won! The Heer wanted a quick and positive result, and that is what he has delivered. He has even kept casualties low, losing 590 men to Polish losses of 955. We are only a few days from Warsaw! A few days from what must be the finishing blow!
Fall Weiss at the end of 19th June.
As expected, General List is having a tough time in Grajewo, but 60.Infanterie in Lyck is moving to assist. In Sensburg, General Blaskowitz had ambushed some of Prich’s men and he is now confident he can beat back the attempt to retake the province. Th eFalkenburg Division in Lublineic is under pressure as anther Polish division is moving up: General Kuchler believes he can hold on, but it will be touch and go. (I have faith – the Falkenburg knows how to take punishment but hold its ground!) The Battle of Pruchnik, according to the evening report, is all but over. The defenders are shocked and our troops are encountering much less resistance. It should be over tomorrow.
General Bottcher reports the Danes are making a tactical withdrawal in Sonderborg. Reading between the lines of his official history of the day’s events, he is frustrated by the Danish General Kryssing’s ability to slow down our advance. We are not suffering many casualties, but the fighting is just going on with no breakthrough.
Westwall at the end of 19th June.
General Brockdorff-Ahleveldt now has three divisions attacking the Conde’s four divisions in the forests of Pirmasens: 69th from Neunkirchen, 25th from St Wendel and 46th from Saarbrucken. Two more divisions are moving up to join the battle: 45th from Achern and 61st from St Wendel. The French are also moving to reinforce, and our intelligence is that three more divisions are heading to Pirmasens. This could turn into a major battle, sucking in men from both the Maginot and the Westwall. It is a pity the area has so many trees: our Luftwaffe pilots would relish the concentration of French units that must be hiding beneath the foliage.
But maybe we can all relax: I see from the unit position map that the Slovaks have sent General Turanec with a militia division to assist in the west!