Rank and File
A Clerk’s War
A Clerk’s War
Wednesday 1st to Tuesday 7th August 1940
Somehow it seems a long time since I have picked up a pen to bring my journal of events up to date, yet it is only a week since the end of July. Perhaps it was the excitement of the last few days of July contrasted to the fairly routine events of the past week.
Last Wednesday started with a strange message from the Foreign Ministry. An agent at Westminster has sent a copy of an address by the Prime Minister to the House of Commons. He informed the House that the Government was disappointed with the performance of the Royal Navy at the recent unsuccessful Battle of the Straits of Otranto. Obviously our Italian allies have dealt the British a blow (at least to their esteem). Strange that Mussolini has not been crowing about it, particularly as his Army of Libia is incapable of brushing aside a few hundred British tanks backed by a few thousand Iraqi infantry.
To further emphasise the British domination in Libia, their War Office released this photograph of a Matilda II infantry tank flying a captured Italian flag. When is the Regio Esercito going to do something?
I must admit that I gave a sigh of relief when General Böhm reported that La Coruña was safe, that the Spanish infantrymen were slowly pulling back, house by house. There was no real danger that the Fallschirmjägers would be dislodged, but it was good to have even the slight chance removed. 59 paratroopers died, but 13/7a lost 263 men. The only bad news from Galicia during the morning was that we had lost Lugo to the Republicans. Well, that was not really the bad news: with only two divisions in the area we could not expect to hold every province. The bad news was that the impetuous General von Boehm-Bezing, having won the battle for Villalba at a cost of 40 men, has taken 3.Infanterie south to reclaim Lugo! Has the man no sense at all? With his escape route finally secure thanks to the Luftwaffe and its parachute division, he decides to abandon his supply lines and risk his unit’s survival for a Spanish province of no strategic or economic value?
Lose Lugo
Battle of Lugo
While nearly everyone in the wondering about OKH’s response to von Boehm-Bezing, General de Angelis informed Sud-Frankreich Army headquarters that he has quashed the attempt by Sarabia’s headquarters troops to escape La Carolina. 107 of the 150 attackers were killed, at no cost to 16.Infanterie (mot). The remaining Spanish have presumably disappeared into the countryside.
No-one was surprised to hear that von Boehm-Bezing has abandoned his attempt to recapture Lugo. Even though it was held by a single cavalry regiment (“Lusitania”), after losing 4 men 3.infanterie has pulled back. The Spanish lost one man. It seems clear that somebody has sent a message to the reckless general, perhaps warning him that a recall to Berlin was being considered. On the other hand, General Rommel has been known to point out errors to junior officers, sometimes in some detail. He may have arranged a radio hook-up to pull von Boehm-Bezing into line.
Spanish cavalry ride through the woods of Lugo, now vacated by our infantry
With Galicia under control (if not settled), Rommel has been able to concentrate on the south. General Blaskowitz was ordered to clear out the last pocket of resistance north of the Guadina. The woods and forests of Agudo are sheltering Hubert’s Belgians and the remnants of the Comandancia de Baleares, more than 11,000 men. Sperrle’s 1st Kamppfliegerkorps has been given the task of assisting 29.Infanterie (mot) and Leutnantgeneral Sperrle promised we should soon see the position rendered untenable.
Battle of Agudo
General Nehring was the next to report that his division was under attack from desperate headquarters troops, this time from 2nd Army. Nearly 3,000 men made frantic efforts to disrupt the efforts of 1st Panzer Division which was in hot pursuit of an infantry division escaping across the River Guadalquivir. Again support was promised and received: this time from Kesselring’s 1st Schlachtfliegerkorps. Kesselring stuck by his promise, even though the RAF was active over the battlefield, intercepting his aircraft no less than 4 times during the day. 14 Stukas were shot down, but our pilots (more accurately the rear gunners) claim to have destroyed five British fighters. At the end of the day it was immaterial as the attack was called off, the Spanish infantry having made it safely to Montoro. Nehring’s men were unharmed, having killed 107 of their attackers. (Unfortunately for the 2nd Army HQ, as they pulled back they were hit by 71.Infanterie advancing from Cuidad Real: caught off guard another 82 men were killed)
Battle of Andújar
Final Air Battle of Villanueva de Córdoba: 5PM 2nd August
The British were not neglected: Rommel has made it clear that he wants as few men to get to back to Gibraltar as possible. General Curtz and 20.Infanterie must cross the River Guadina in to Belalcázar to get to grips with Giffard’s 18.Infanterie (mot), but this should not be too hard as the British are low on ammunition and supplies, and even lower on morale.
Battle of Belalcázar
The reconquest of Catalonia is going well, and 2nd Marine-Sturm-Division has shown what it can do: 415 dead or captured Spanish in Candasnos for the loss of one man. General Jahn is to be congratulated on the performance of his troops.
On the 3rd, the day started with more news from Agudo. Having failed to deter Kesselring’s Stukas, Air Marshall Sholto-Douglas took No.221 RAF Fighter Group to Agudo to take on Sperrle’s 1st Kampffliegerkorps. Facing the fighters of “Donner” geschwader, No.211 found the job beyond them, and after one clash returned to base.
Air Battle of Agudo: 1AM 3rd August
The sight of their fighter cover retreating was enough for the combined Belgian-Spanish force: they started to retreat. While the woods gave good cover against Blaskowitz’s motorised infantry, saturation bombing by the Junkers 88s was particularly lethal in the forests, with each bomb spraying hundreds of potentially lethal wood fragments.
Following the success of the untried marines in Candasnos, von Sponeck has taken his still novice panzertruppen into far more dangerous terrain: the confined streets and alleys of Tarragona. Possibly not a good match of troops with the task at hand, but General von Kayser of the Iberian Army will want to finish off the Catalan uprising as fast as possible. Only 6,000 men are in the city, so although it will not be easy, our firepower alone (the Sturmpanzer brigade particularly) should be enough to ensure victory. We have found the most effective method of city fighting is to simply rubble every strongpoint with artillery or bombing.
Battle of Tarragona
The day ended with another brief but mysterious note from the Foreign Ministry: the French Government is enacting a series of Anti-Terrorist Measures. I am unaware of any of our agents undertaking any activities other than information gathering. Maybe it is the Italians.
Saturday started badly, but it did serve to remind us that it not just the members of the Wehrmacht who risk their lives. A cargo ship on the way from La Coruña to Lorient was sunk, whether by a submarine, a surface ship or an aircraft we do not know. There were no survivors. We often overlook those brave men who drive trucks or crew boats taking supplies to the front, but they are just as much targets of the enemy as any soldier or sailor.
The rest of Saturday was quiet and peaceful. There was mention of another attack by the 2nd Army Group HQ on de Angelis’s motorised infantry, but nothing to worry about. General Batet Mestre has lost 25% of his men in just two days and his remaining 2,400 are no threat to the 9,600 men of 16.Infanterie (mot).
Battle of Montoro
When I re-entered my office on Monday morning, it was clear that Sunday had not been much more interesting. The campaign in Spain seems to be settling down to a remorseless push to Gibraltar, as resistance gets weaker and weaker and the speed of our advance increases. Good for the troops on the ground, but lacking the drama of a spirited resistance from a resourceful enemy.
Abernetty’s transport aircraft have been called back into action. With the loss of the cargo vessel last week it has been decided that the Bay of Biscay is too dangerous for sea supply to La Coruña. Nobody asks the obvious question: what if it was aircraft which sunk our ship? I suppose it is believed that fighters cannot reach the north coast of Spain and that only long range naval bombers could operate in the area. Let us hope so.
Dortmund was hit twice by Newalls’ strategic bombers, but I don’t think they will be back for a third visit. Both times they were met by Bogatsch leading 6 geschwader of interceptors, many of them the new Bf 109F Messerchmitts. For the loss of three aircraft we destroyed at least 46 bombers. Even though Dortmund was hit, damage was slight. Overall, a resounding victory achieved by the Luftwaffe.
Air Battle of Dortmund: 9AM 5th August
Flying low in an attempt to evade our fighters, an Avro Manchester heads home.
Model’s tanks ran over the headquarters of 1a División de Cabelleros without a pause. Álvarez Alegriá tried to hold onto Argellón but his handful of men was simply overwhelmed: Model not only had his own 5th Panzer Division but also 20.Infanterie. Our 21,991 men suffered not a scratch: Alegriá lost 89 of his 2,101 men.
Battle of Argellón
De Angelis won his “battle” in Montoro, assisted by General Hell’s move into Villanueva de Córdoba. Caught in a cross fire, the already shaky morale of Mestre’s men collapsed. 124 Spanish eliminated, again at no cost. If we could stop the RAF bombing, Spain would be a walk in the park.
Speaking of the RAF, we are still losing aircraft over the Channel. My brother’s unit is now just over half strength, though to read his very brief notes you would think he was immortal. Although the general agreement is that our new aircraft are superior, the huge number of planes the RAF can commit to each battle is sufficient to wear us down. I know the Messerschmitt factories are working around the clock, but additional fighters are desperately needed.
Air Battle of Dover: 11PM 5th August
So, not much missed on Sunday. As it turned out, Monday was just as routine, in terms of military activity.
The Foreign Ministry is starting to get into habit of sending little notes around the other government departments. Today’s message was that Canada has received an economic boost. While I am impressed that we have agents who keep us up to date on everything happening in the world, is it really necessary to tell everyone in Berlin?
Much more vital to the progress of the war is the news that the infrastructure projects in Bayonne, Orthez and St Pierre-Pied-de-Port have been completed. Within days the improved roads and railway facilities will allow increased amounts of supplies through to Spain. The construction gangs have not finished though. Ministers Bayerlein and Schacht had quietly extended the contracts to continue improving the French provinces. With supply less of an issue Spain and south-west France, Kitzinger has been ordered to rebase 3rd Kampffliegerkorps from Romania to Bordeaux. “Zebra”, “Holzhammer” and “Legion Condor” have been attached to Kampffgruppe Galicia. They will be useful if General Hansen can ever get his men into contact with the enemy.
Typical of the conditions our road construction gangs face in south-west France, this “road” is the tenuous lifeline to Spain
A few more battles over the Channel saw light losses to both “Richthofen” and “Schlageter” and the return of the apparently untouchable RN Fleet Air Arm. We just do not seem to be able to hit these annoying aircraft. What attracted more interest was the RAF attempts to break our patrols over the Bay of Biscay. Losses here were also light, but Abernetty’s air transport lifeline to La Coruña was untouched.
Tuesday only one short lived battle broke the monotony. Jodl took about 6 hours to destroy the Seville Headquarters of Cómo Muato. Down to just 599 men, the Spanish took 45 casualties before they could get away from 14.Infanterie (mot). Jodl did mention one interesting fact: his men came under attack from dive bombers! The aircraft have been tentatively identified as Blackburn Skuas of No1 RAF Dive Bomber Group. Luckily they only carry a single 500lb bomb and are not all that accurate so losses were not serious.
Battle of Campillos
A flight of the dive bombers that attacked our men in Antequara: Blackburn Skuas
Other than that, just the never-ending clashed over the Channel. We don’t seem to be hurting the Fleet Air Arm at all, but the RAF is bleeding steadily. Our losses have stabilised since the introduction of the “Friedrichs”, but are still far too high.
Battle of Western English Channel: 10PM 7th August
A week that here in Berlin we found a bit of a disappointment after the excitement of last week. I am sure the soldiers on the ground in Spain had a completely different view. Apart from deaths from bombing, only a handful of men were killed in active combat. Could the end be in sight?
Bombing Summary
Luftwaffe
Lugo: Sperrle with 1st Kampffliegerkorps (1 x Bf 109E, 2 x Ju 88): 274
Villanueva de Córdoba: Kesselring with 1st Schlachtfliegerkorps (2 x Ju 87B): 121, 189, 115
Agudo: Sperrle with 1st Kampffliegerkorps (1 x Bf 109E, 2 x Ju 88): 246, 287, 211, 109, 269
Belalcázar: Sperrle with 1st Kampffliegerkorps (1 x Bf 109E, 2 x Ju 88): 103, 310, 260, 98
RAF/RN Fleet Air Arm
Guadiana: Dowding with 5th and 1st RAF Tactical Groups: 290
Puertollano: Ludlow-Hewitt with 4th CAG: 32
Longrosán: Cunningham with 6th CAG: 56
Guadiana: Baldwin with Middle East Group: 9, 82, 95
Longrosán: Dowding with 5th and 1st RAF Tactical Groups: 91, 261, 171, 106, 134
Longrosán: Dowding with 5th, 1st and ME RAF Tactical Groups: 236, 183, 146, 329
Antequera: Leigh-Mallory with No.1 RAF Dive Bomber Group: 37
Antequera: Dowding with 5th and 1st RAF Tactical Groups: 184
Unterseebootsflotte Activity Report
Coast of Porto: 1 transport (UK): Dover – Calcutta: Aßmann with 2nd U-flotte
Coat of Cádiz: 1 escort (Canadian): Halifax – Cádiz: Wold with 4th U-flotte
Western Charcot Seamount: 1 transport (UK): Dover – Nicobar Islands: Fricke with 3rd U-flotte
Channel Approaches: 1 transport (UK): Plymouth – Belmopan: von Nordeck with II U-flotte
East Azores: 1 transport (UK): Singapore – Dover: Aßmann with 1st U-flotte
Coast of Cádiz: 1 transport (Greek): Athina – Halifax: Wolf with 4th U-flotte
Western Charcot Summit: 1 escort (UK): Dover – Ed: Fricke with 3rd U-flotte
Axis Military Position Maps
Greece: the Greek Army is heading for the Isthmus of Corinth to defend Athina, while the it appears the Regia Marina rules the Adriatic
Libia: some movement, but little action
North-East China: stalemate
IndoChina: have the Guangxi commanders had enough? Now the Japanese garrison divisions are on the move
Unternehmen Stierkampf on 7th August: only one battle taking place, but the Spanish have their backs to the wall
Greece: the Greek Army is heading for the Isthmus of Corinth to defend Athina, while the it appears the Regia Marina rules the Adriatic
Libia: some movement, but little action
North-East China: stalemate
IndoChina: have the Guangxi commanders had enough? Now the Japanese garrison divisions are on the move
Unternehmen Stierkampf on 7th August: only one battle taking place, but the Spanish have their backs to the wall