froek- That would be domestic sales, which were accounted for in the equation.
lkjggfs-
1- Socialism is a more democratic form of Communism, just as represented in the game. Communist states in history have never really allowed much freedom, politically or economically. Socialism is a form of government which focuses on economic equality of outcome (as opposed to equality of opportunity, as in Liberalism) at the cost of economic freedom, but doesn't restrict political freedoms (as in Communist societies). I'm not sure of any real-life examples of proper Socialism, as it's merely defined by the party elected. I understand that the Scandinavian countries and Venezuela have very Socialist governments, or at the very least, Socialist policies put in place by previous governments (some industry run by government, healthcare & education provided by government, etc.). In Canada the province of Saskatchewan was Socialist in the mid-20th century, and their federal influence led to socialized healthcare.
2- Use national focus to increase immigration to colonial states, and some technology increases colonial migration (the middle culture one, +10% education, +?% colonial migration). When you have a decent number of your culture in a colony (I find 5-10% is sufficient), switch your National Focus to promote Bureaucrats, I find they tend to come from your accepted culture. I used this strategy during my Boer game and it worked like a charm, took about 6-7 years total per colony to achieve statehood. I'm not sure if there are ways to get a new accepted culture, other than events (I noticed the USA started accepting Afro-American culture during the game, I assume this was caused by an event), but for statehood I think only your primary culture works. I'm sure if you're an Italian or German country that unifies you'll begin accepting the other parts (North German Prussia accepts South German, North Italian Sardinia accepts South Italians, etc.), though I haven't tested that.
Sorry for my shoddy answers, please take them with a grain of salt. There are so many questions and so few answers in this thread I feel something is better than nothing