As something to hold everyone over while I finish the rest… here’s the first part!
From James Pritchard’s
History of the Western World, Volume II:
To say the appearance of the Mongols on the European scene was explosive does not do the monumental event justice. In size and scope, even this initial, proving wave of attacks was beyond anything ever seen before in human history.
Unbeknownst to their targets, the Mongols had been gathering intelligence on their potential foes for the better part of six months before their main armies even arrived in the region. Travelers had been questioned, and envoys sent not only with messages demanding obedience, but orders to report back what they saw. As a consequence, the Mongol invaders, under the overall command of Jamuqa Khan, blood brother of the Great Khan, had a relatively good idea of what they would be facing—a powerful but crumbling Kingdom of the Rus, an up and coming unknown in the Danes of Sortmark, a power on the scale of the Song in the Roman Empire, and the relatively tiny, easy targets of the Bolgar Sultanate and the remnants of the Cuman Khaganate.
During the fall and winter of 1213, no less than six
tumen, totaling some 60,000 warriors massed along the Volga. By April of 1214, the Mongols had already secured the former lands of the Bolgars, as well as the last lands held by the tiny remains of the Cuman Khaganate. Known for their skill at gathering intelligence before their infamous attacks, the great Mongol commanders on this frontier—Jamuqa, his subordinate Subotei, Batu, son of the Great Khan, and Orda—came to the conclusion that the Rus were the weakest target, and would be attacked first. On the 15th of April, Jamuqa and Subotei’s
tumen stormed across the north Volga, piercing deep into the lands of the Rus Kingdom. To the south, Batu and Orda conducted a series of massive raids across the Sortmark and Roman frontiers, both for plunder and intelligence. While the Danes responded fiercely to the raids, Batu and Orda noted the Roman response was muted at best.
The mighty Kingdom of the Rus, created by fiat by the Roman Emperor Demetrius in the 1120s, for eighty years had stood as a colossus in its own right, governing lands stretching from the Baltic to, on occasion, the Black Sea. Under the rule of Vasiili Monomachos, the Rus Kingdom reached the height of its power and glory in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. However, by 1213, Vasiili’s grandson Mstislav has just inherited the throne from his uncle, Yaroslav, and his cousins Yaropolk and Dmitrii are disputing his succession. As a result, the Kingdom of the Rus was fatally focused on internal strife, paying the raids on outlying settlements and strange riders in the dark little heed.
That is, until the night of May 3rd, 1214. The
Kniaz of Vladimir, Evgenii Rurikovich, had rapidly called his
druzhine and levies to confront what he thought was a simple tribe of rampaging nomads. Out of the roughly 4,500 Rus soldiers that tangled with Subotei’s
tumen, exactly four escaped. According to legend, three made the fatal mistake of seeking refuge behind the wooden walls of Sudzal—they perished when the Mongols torched the city. One lone man, one Aleksandr Lobov, chose to ride to Novgorod instead, and spread the warning. To this day, “lucky as Lobov” is a phrase in the Russian lands used to express disbelief at an unbelievable turn of good fortune.
It wasn’t until word of the Mongol assaults, and the destruction of Suzdal, Vladimir and Belozero reached Novogorod that the princes of the Rus ceased their infighting, uniting behind Mstislav for the first time. By May, they were attempting to marshal their armies as best they could at Novgorod, but the Mongols moved far too quickly. Despite the dense Russian forests, the Mongol cavalry under Subotei made remarkable speed, ambushing the Rus
Karol’ and his army as it sat in camp outside the capital on the 3rd of July. Mstislav himself managed to escape, but the majority of the Rus army was destroyed, and Novgorod itself, the golden city and fortress of the North, was sacked and burned.
Further to the south, convinced by the weakness of a Roman response and the urgent pleas of Hulagu for reinforcements in Persia, Batu Khan lead 2
tumen away, ordering Orda to hold the Volga line until the next summer, when the Great Khan himself would arrive and supervise the attack on the rich and powerful Roman Empire. Between the 21st of May and the 18th of June, Orda did the exact opposite, launching a Great Raid of his own, hoping to provoke some kind of response. Once again, there was little response from the Romans, but the response from Sortmark was vigorous… Skjalm Hvide, “warleader” of the Danes, launched his own counter-raid deep into Mongol territory, searching for the Mongol seasonal foals. While unsuccessful, the raid compelled Orda to cut short his assault, but not before he discovered disturbing information…
…the Romans had not replied because they were marshalling a vast army… almost 50,000 strong. Riders galloped north to Subotei and Jamuqa, begging them to hurry south with all possible speed…