Chapter 4 - Blitzkrieg
September - October 1939
"Hitler has reached a new pinnacle in his meteoric career and Germany avenged the 1918 defeat. This is the start of a new order for Europe, maybe even for the world."
-- The New York Times on 1 November 1939
German troops quickly advanced through Poland, despite the stubborn Polish resistance. The Poles even managed to make some progress with an invasion of German East Prussia, but in the end their effort was futile. In just a week, on 3 September, the Germans reached the outskirts of Warsaw, which fell two days later. Ironically Danzig, the cause of the war, was still in Polish hands as they had amassed substantial troops in the so-called Polish Corridor, between Germany and East Prussia.
The front in Poland on 3 September, just a week after the invasion. The lines in the center and south have been broken.
The Allies meanwhile, failed to live up to their promise of helping Poland in the case of a German attack. The French were not completely indecisive as they made a small attack across the Rhine into the German province of Württemberg. Although this was a prestige loss for Hitler and his government, the French did nothing to press their advantage and started digging trenches. This is why this theater was later called the 'Sitzkrieg', or Phony War.
A small French attack over the Rhine into Germany
In the east however a whole different war was taking place, one the Germans called 'Blitzkrieg'. With their armoured and motorized troops, supported by a great advantage in the air, they quickly pushed through the Polish lines. Though the Poles managed to gather their troops into a somewhat cohesive line, it was obvious that Poland would eventually fall. Then, on 17 September, the last blow to the Polish army was dealt. The Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east. The Polish defence quickly fell apart. Danzig, until now holding out, finally fell, and on 27 September Poland officially surrendered.
The Red Army enters the provincial capital of Wilno
Germany now turned it's attention westward. They asked the Low Countries for permission to use their territory to stage an attack on France to circumvent the strong French Maginot line along the German-French border. They received a firm 'No'. On 20 September, Germany formally declared war on Luxemburg. On 29 September, war was declared on Belgium. And finally on 4 October German troops crossed the Dutch border, thus declaring war on the last of the low countries.
With autumn approaching, many Allied commanders expected the Germans to wait until spring to launch their campaign. French troops quickly rushed northward to defend their new allies - the low countries had a strict neutral policy which didn't allow any foreign troops, in the false hope that this would prevent war with Germany. The French eventually established a defensive line at the Afsluitdijk in the north of the Netherlands, through the center of the Netherlands behind rivers and finally at the Albert Canal in Belgium. With no signs of a general German offensive and the invasion of Poland only recently concluded, the Allies were in no particular haste, as they didn't expect to fight until the spring of 1940. An assumption that would prove fatal.
Case Yellow
The German high command devised a plan similar to the one used in the Great War, with an attack through central Belgium towards the Somme river. Except this time, they would use armored spearheads to break through the Allied lines as quickly as possible, then encircling the troops in western and eastern Belgium. Heavy air bombardments were to accompany the German advance.
Start of the German offensive
On 12 October 1939 the general German offensive commenced, with simultaneous attacks against the Netherlands, Belgium, and the French bridgehead in Württemberg. Within 6 days, resistance in the Netherlands collapsed and their government capitulated, leaving French troops trapped behind the lines. Meanwhile, the Germans had already broken the lines in central Belgium and advanced towards the Somme. Four days later Belgium capitulated, leaving the troops in eastern Belgium and Luxemburg trapped. The flanks of the British Expeditionary Forces in western Belgium were now dangerously exposed. The Allies had no answer against the Blitzkrieg.
But the biggest blow for the French was the loss of the Maginot Line. The German attack easily defeated the small French incursions into Germany and while pursuing the retreating forces they captured several fortifications along the border. Supported by armor, heavy artillery bombardments and air superiority they were no match for the weak French army. The best parts of the Allied army supported the defense of the lowlands, and the spirit of these reserve soldiers was easily broken. By surrounding the other parts of the Maginot, the German army had another way into France.
With the Belgian capitulation on 23 October and the capture of most of the Maginot Line, it became clear that the fall of France was imminent.
Situation on 23 October. German occupied territory in red, French in green. In blue Allied pockets in the Netherlands and Belgium. Note the breaches of the Maginot line.
On 24 October, for the first time American troops became involved in the fighting. Patton's Blue Corps had followed the German advancement and had recently left Antwerp, effectively functioning as a rear guard for the German army. But when the First Division was hit by British artillery in western Belgium, close to the French border, Patton ordered a retaliation. American artillery supported the main German attack against the village of Nieuwpoort. Not wanting to provoke the United States, and with the visit of Hitler to New York in mind, the British embassy in Washington only issued a formal protest.
With the collapse of the frontline in central Belgium, the Germans advanced almost unopposed towards Paris. Their Panzers rushed forward and the French government was in disarray. Despite urges from German high command and Hitler himself to slow down the advance lest they became encircled, Panzer generals Guderian and Rommel pushed forward.
In Paris, panick broke out in the streets after they realized how close the Germans were to the capital. French government officials burned documents in the yard of the Foreign Ministry, while Prime Minister Daladier and his cabinet hastily left the city. The army declared Paris an open city and abandoned it. On 27 October, the 2. Panzer Division entered Paris.
The front on 27 October, just after the fall of Paris. The central frontline has collapsed and the French forces in the west are close to being surrounded.
The French government saw no other option than to surrender. The troops in eastern France were close to being surrounded, and it was clear that nothing could stop the German army. On 31 October, France capitulated. In just over two weeks, the German Reich had defeated one of the biggest armies of the world and had now firmly established their reign over western Europe. In the United States, many agreed this was the start of a new World Order.