The term
multiculturalism has a range of meanings within the contexts of sociology,
political philosophy, and colloquial use. In sociology and in everyday usage, it is a synonym for
ethnic pluralism, with the two terms often used interchangeably, and for
cultural pluralism[1] in which various ethnic and cultural groups exist in a single society. It can describe a mixed ethnic community area where multiple cultural traditions exist (such as New York City, London or Paris) or a single country within which they do (such as Switzerland, Belgium or Russia). Groups associated with an
indigenous, aboriginal or
autochthonous ethnic group and settler-descended ethnic groups are often the focus.
[2]
In reference to sociology, multiculturalism is the end-state of either a natural or artificial process (for example: legally controlled immigration) and occurs on either a large national scale or on a smaller scale within a nation's communities. On a smaller scale this can occur artificially when a jurisdiction is established or expanded by amalgamating areas with two or more different cultures (e.g.
French Canada and
English Canada). On a large scale, it can occur as a result of either legal or illegal
migration to and from different jurisdictions around the world.
In reference to political science,
multiculturalism can be defined as a state's capacity to effectively and efficiently deal with cultural plurality within its sovereign borders. Multiculturalism as a political philosophy involves
ideologies and policies which vary widely.
[3] It has been described as a "
salad bowl" and as a "
cultural mosaic",
[4] in contrast to a "
melting pot".