In connection with the expansion of the map, I want to see small tribes and states of the Caucasus
Caucasus in the VII-VIII century
Caucasus in the IX-X century
Khazar Khaganate in the years 700-800
Casogia or Zichia
Map of territory of medieval Alania (IX-XII century)
Tribe of the Tsanars
Black Bulgars https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Чёрные_булгары
Asii (Yasi) https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ясы
The Kingdom of the Huns (Sabir) in Dagestan https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Царство_гуннов_в_Дагестане
Torks (tribe) https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Торки_(племя)
Black Klobuks (Black Hats), confederates of Kiev princes https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Чёрные_клобуки
Caucasus in the VII-VIII century
Caucasus in the IX-X century
Khazar Khaganate in the years 700-800
Casogia or Zichia
Map of territory of medieval Alania (IX-XII century)
Tribe of the Tsanars
In the V-VI centuries, the Tsanars became one of the most powerful peoples of the Caucasus. The whole of Transcaucasia was divided between Iran and Byzantium, and only the Tsanars, among other mountain peoples who lived on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus, were able to maintain their independence. Moreover, according to the ancient Georgian source “Moktsevay Kartlisay”, Iran and Byzantium, by mutual agreement, paid the tsanars an annual reward for protecting the Darial Gorge and the Transcaucasus region from invasions from the north of nomadic tribes.
In these and subsequent years, the tsanars establish diplomatic relations with Persia and Byzantium, as well as with Khazaria. Having adopted Christianity from Byzantium, the tsanars were especially closely associated with the Greeks and Georgians in political and cultural relations. Having erected powerful fortresses in their country, such as Gazavi, Orchobi, Nakhchevan, Arisha, Gardaban and others (Gardaban was the capital of Tsanareti, and that is why tsanars are often called Gardabans in ancient Transcaucasian texts), tsanars successfully repelled attacks from both the north and and from the south. And proof of this is the war of the Tsanars against the army of Bugi al-Kabir, which we mentioned at the beginning of this article. Note that Bug, nicknamed al-Kabir, that is, the Great, descended from the Central Asian Turks, was at first a slave, then became the caliph's bodyguard and rose to the rank of general.
In the IX century, the Baghdad caliphate was experiencing a political crisis. For twenty years (from 817 to 837), the uprising of the Transcaucasian Mazdakites led by Babek continued. Continuous uprisings take place in Armenia and Georgia. In 852, Armenian highlanders who lived on the slopes of Sasun (Sasan) killed the governor of the caliph in Armenia. In the same year, the Tbilisi Emir Ishaq bin Ismail, who proclaimed the independence of the region he ruled, was deprived of the caliphate. To punish the rebels, the caliph Jafar al-Mutawakkil (847-861) sent to Transcaucasia a huge army of 120 thousand at that time, led by Bug al-Kabir. Armenian historical texts say that the size of this army reached 150 thousand. Here is how the Kartli Annals conveys the course of this war:
“Then came the Turks of the Bug from Baghdad, the slave Amir Mumna (“ ruler of Muslims ”, the caliph), who sent him at the head of a large army. He crushed all of Armenia and took all its metavars to full, and (then) came here and besieged the city of Tbilisi, for the emir Sahak (Iskhak Ben Ismail) did not obey him. He killed Sahak, crushed Tbilisi, put to fire and ravaged all its surroundings.
But the king of the Abkhazians Theodosius opposed him and became in Querchshobi. Having told about this, Bug put up against (Theodosius) the rescuer of his Zirak and Bagrat, the son of Ashot kuropalat. They seized and turned the Abkhaz back; many people died. Tsar Theodosius ran along the Dvaletskaya road.
The Gardabans (tsanars) again appeared unexpectedly before the fugitives in Jvaris-Gverdi and greatly hurt the retreating army. As soon as Bug learned about this, he set off with his whole camp and arrived in Chartaleti, settled down here, took three hundred people from the highlanders, tried to invade Ovseti and reached Tskhovat. ”
It is further narrated about how the Tsanars, who were obviously allies of the Emir of Tbilisi, Ishaq bin Ismail, “having sacrificed their hostages,” opposed Bugi al-Kabir and inflicted a crushing defeat on him. According to the chronicle, “God came to their aid, for when they fought, snow began. The Lord bestowed their power, and countless many Saracen warriors perished. ” Judging by some reports, the tsanars lost 16 thousand soldiers in this battle.
One important point should be noted. According to the testimony of the medieval Arab historian al-Yakubi, seeing the inevitability of a clash with the troops of Bugi al-Kabir, the tsanars addressed the sovereigns of three countries in advance: “sahibu al-Ruma” (Byzantium) “sahibu al-Khazar” (Khazar Khaganate) and “ sahib al-sakaliba ”(Kievan Rus). As the historian A.P. Novoseltsev noted, the help from these countries did not wait for the tsanars.
The victory of the tsanars over this huge army could seem a miracle in the eyes of contemporaries, however, its reliability is confirmed, along with Georgian sources, as well as the works of Armenian and Arab authors. So, al-Yakubi wrote with melancholy brevity about this event: "Buga moved against the Sanaris, fought with them, but they defeated him and put him to flight." The same fact is stated by the Armenian historian of the 9th-10th centuries. Tovma Artsruni. In his “World History” (“Tarih al-Kamil”), the illustrious Arab-Kurdish historian Ibn al-Asir (1169-1232) also writes about the victory of the tsanars over the Buga al-Kabir.
In these and subsequent years, the tsanars establish diplomatic relations with Persia and Byzantium, as well as with Khazaria. Having adopted Christianity from Byzantium, the tsanars were especially closely associated with the Greeks and Georgians in political and cultural relations. Having erected powerful fortresses in their country, such as Gazavi, Orchobi, Nakhchevan, Arisha, Gardaban and others (Gardaban was the capital of Tsanareti, and that is why tsanars are often called Gardabans in ancient Transcaucasian texts), tsanars successfully repelled attacks from both the north and and from the south. And proof of this is the war of the Tsanars against the army of Bugi al-Kabir, which we mentioned at the beginning of this article. Note that Bug, nicknamed al-Kabir, that is, the Great, descended from the Central Asian Turks, was at first a slave, then became the caliph's bodyguard and rose to the rank of general.
In the IX century, the Baghdad caliphate was experiencing a political crisis. For twenty years (from 817 to 837), the uprising of the Transcaucasian Mazdakites led by Babek continued. Continuous uprisings take place in Armenia and Georgia. In 852, Armenian highlanders who lived on the slopes of Sasun (Sasan) killed the governor of the caliph in Armenia. In the same year, the Tbilisi Emir Ishaq bin Ismail, who proclaimed the independence of the region he ruled, was deprived of the caliphate. To punish the rebels, the caliph Jafar al-Mutawakkil (847-861) sent to Transcaucasia a huge army of 120 thousand at that time, led by Bug al-Kabir. Armenian historical texts say that the size of this army reached 150 thousand. Here is how the Kartli Annals conveys the course of this war:
“Then came the Turks of the Bug from Baghdad, the slave Amir Mumna (“ ruler of Muslims ”, the caliph), who sent him at the head of a large army. He crushed all of Armenia and took all its metavars to full, and (then) came here and besieged the city of Tbilisi, for the emir Sahak (Iskhak Ben Ismail) did not obey him. He killed Sahak, crushed Tbilisi, put to fire and ravaged all its surroundings.
But the king of the Abkhazians Theodosius opposed him and became in Querchshobi. Having told about this, Bug put up against (Theodosius) the rescuer of his Zirak and Bagrat, the son of Ashot kuropalat. They seized and turned the Abkhaz back; many people died. Tsar Theodosius ran along the Dvaletskaya road.
The Gardabans (tsanars) again appeared unexpectedly before the fugitives in Jvaris-Gverdi and greatly hurt the retreating army. As soon as Bug learned about this, he set off with his whole camp and arrived in Chartaleti, settled down here, took three hundred people from the highlanders, tried to invade Ovseti and reached Tskhovat. ”
It is further narrated about how the Tsanars, who were obviously allies of the Emir of Tbilisi, Ishaq bin Ismail, “having sacrificed their hostages,” opposed Bugi al-Kabir and inflicted a crushing defeat on him. According to the chronicle, “God came to their aid, for when they fought, snow began. The Lord bestowed their power, and countless many Saracen warriors perished. ” Judging by some reports, the tsanars lost 16 thousand soldiers in this battle.
One important point should be noted. According to the testimony of the medieval Arab historian al-Yakubi, seeing the inevitability of a clash with the troops of Bugi al-Kabir, the tsanars addressed the sovereigns of three countries in advance: “sahibu al-Ruma” (Byzantium) “sahibu al-Khazar” (Khazar Khaganate) and “ sahib al-sakaliba ”(Kievan Rus). As the historian A.P. Novoseltsev noted, the help from these countries did not wait for the tsanars.
The victory of the tsanars over this huge army could seem a miracle in the eyes of contemporaries, however, its reliability is confirmed, along with Georgian sources, as well as the works of Armenian and Arab authors. So, al-Yakubi wrote with melancholy brevity about this event: "Buga moved against the Sanaris, fought with them, but they defeated him and put him to flight." The same fact is stated by the Armenian historian of the 9th-10th centuries. Tovma Artsruni. In his “World History” (“Tarih al-Kamil”), the illustrious Arab-Kurdish historian Ibn al-Asir (1169-1232) also writes about the victory of the tsanars over the Buga al-Kabir.
Black Bulgars https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Чёрные_булгары
Black Bulgars are a nomadic people, part of the Bulgarian tribes that stood out after the collapse in the second half of the VII century of Great Bulgaria. Descendants of the Proto-Bulgarians of the eldest son Kubrat Batbayan. They lived in the Kuban region, according to other estimates, between the Dnieper and Don rivers.
In the second half of the 9th century, in alliance with the Oguzes, Pechenegs and Burtases, the Black Bulgars unsuccessfully fought with Khazaria. Later referred to in the contract of the Kiev prince Igor Rurikovich with Byzantium (944), as a people attacking the Greek Kherson.
If the black Bulgars come and start fighting in the Korsun country, then we order the Russian prince not to let them in, otherwise his country will also be damaged.
The Persian geographical treatise Khudud al-Alam (980s) calls them “middle Bulgarians” and places them north of the Sea of Azov and east of the Slavs. Also, as a serious military force in the Eastern European region, the Byzantine Emperor Konstantin VII Bagryanorodnyy also mentions them:
Behind the Bosporus lies the mouth of the Meotian Lake, which is called the sea for its size. Many large rivers flow into this Meotian Sea. To the north of it [the river] is the Dnieper River, from which the Russes pass to Black Bulgaria, Khazaria and Syrac.
From the end of the X century, black Bulgars ceased to be mentioned in the sources, which probably indicates their assimilation by Slavic and Turkic tribes.
Archaeological sites of the Black Bulgars and their kindred tribes are defined as part of the Saltovo-Mayak culture.
In the second half of the 9th century, in alliance with the Oguzes, Pechenegs and Burtases, the Black Bulgars unsuccessfully fought with Khazaria. Later referred to in the contract of the Kiev prince Igor Rurikovich with Byzantium (944), as a people attacking the Greek Kherson.
If the black Bulgars come and start fighting in the Korsun country, then we order the Russian prince not to let them in, otherwise his country will also be damaged.
The Persian geographical treatise Khudud al-Alam (980s) calls them “middle Bulgarians” and places them north of the Sea of Azov and east of the Slavs. Also, as a serious military force in the Eastern European region, the Byzantine Emperor Konstantin VII Bagryanorodnyy also mentions them:
Behind the Bosporus lies the mouth of the Meotian Lake, which is called the sea for its size. Many large rivers flow into this Meotian Sea. To the north of it [the river] is the Dnieper River, from which the Russes pass to Black Bulgaria, Khazaria and Syrac.
From the end of the X century, black Bulgars ceased to be mentioned in the sources, which probably indicates their assimilation by Slavic and Turkic tribes.
Archaeological sites of the Black Bulgars and their kindred tribes are defined as part of the Saltovo-Mayak culture.
Asii (Yasi) https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ясы
Yasi (Hungarian jászok) is an ethnic group in Hungary, originally one of the Alanian tribes that came to the territory of Hungary in the XIII century. They settled on the plain east of the Danube. This area, located 70 km east of Budapest, on the Middle Danube Lowland, was called Jaszag (Hungarian. Jászság) and for several centuries enjoyed special privileges.
Story
1028 - Prince Yaroslav the Wise "Yasi to the yars and took them."
1116 - The Ipatiev Chronicle reports the following:
In the same summer, Ambassador Volodimer, his son Yaropolk, and Davyd, his son Vsevolod, to the Don, and taking three cities: Sugrov, Sharukan, Balin. Then Yaropolk brought his wife, a beautiful, Yass prince daughter captivating.
During the Mongol-Tatar invasion, some of the jasis fell into the yoke, the other part went to Hungary (Pannonia).
There is news that Mamai’s advisers on the eve of the Battle of Kulikovo told him: “Your horde has become impoverished, your strength has worn out; but you have a lot of wealth, went to hire the Genoese, Circassians, Yasses and other peoples. "
Current situation
Modern jars are largely assimilated by Hungarians: back in the XVII century, they completely lost their language and switched to Hungarian. Recently, however, among the Yasses, there has been an increase in national self-awareness: festivals of Yasan culture are regularly held, interest in their own history is growing, and ties are being established between Yasshag and Ossetia.
In 2008, the Vladikavkaz film studio "Nart-Art Studio" released a documentary film by Temina Tuaeva "Hungarian Alania".
In May 2009, a Hungarian delegation visited North Ossetia. Upon returning to Hungary, members of the delegation sent a letter of appreciation to the plenipotentiary representative of the Republic of North Ossetia-Aleksandr Totoonov. It specifically states:
“During a five-day visit to North Ossetia, we got acquainted with the life and life of modern Alan-Ossetians. On the land of our ancestors, we, the Hungarian Ossetians, felt comfortable, the authorities of North Ossetia did everything for this. The first and important step in establishing fraternal relations between Ossetians and Yasses has already been taken.
We humbly thank you again for the help provided during our stay in Moscow.
With deep respect, Laszlo Dobos, Chairman of the Jas Society; Edith H. Butho - Director of the Museum of Yasses; Bela Kovacs - literary critic; Hungarian Alans. "
Story
1028 - Prince Yaroslav the Wise "Yasi to the yars and took them."
1116 - The Ipatiev Chronicle reports the following:
In the same summer, Ambassador Volodimer, his son Yaropolk, and Davyd, his son Vsevolod, to the Don, and taking three cities: Sugrov, Sharukan, Balin. Then Yaropolk brought his wife, a beautiful, Yass prince daughter captivating.
During the Mongol-Tatar invasion, some of the jasis fell into the yoke, the other part went to Hungary (Pannonia).
There is news that Mamai’s advisers on the eve of the Battle of Kulikovo told him: “Your horde has become impoverished, your strength has worn out; but you have a lot of wealth, went to hire the Genoese, Circassians, Yasses and other peoples. "
Current situation
Modern jars are largely assimilated by Hungarians: back in the XVII century, they completely lost their language and switched to Hungarian. Recently, however, among the Yasses, there has been an increase in national self-awareness: festivals of Yasan culture are regularly held, interest in their own history is growing, and ties are being established between Yasshag and Ossetia.
In 2008, the Vladikavkaz film studio "Nart-Art Studio" released a documentary film by Temina Tuaeva "Hungarian Alania".
In May 2009, a Hungarian delegation visited North Ossetia. Upon returning to Hungary, members of the delegation sent a letter of appreciation to the plenipotentiary representative of the Republic of North Ossetia-Aleksandr Totoonov. It specifically states:
“During a five-day visit to North Ossetia, we got acquainted with the life and life of modern Alan-Ossetians. On the land of our ancestors, we, the Hungarian Ossetians, felt comfortable, the authorities of North Ossetia did everything for this. The first and important step in establishing fraternal relations between Ossetians and Yasses has already been taken.
We humbly thank you again for the help provided during our stay in Moscow.
With deep respect, Laszlo Dobos, Chairman of the Jas Society; Edith H. Butho - Director of the Museum of Yasses; Bela Kovacs - literary critic; Hungarian Alans. "
The Kingdom of the Huns (Sabir) in Dagestan https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Царство_гуннов_в_Дагестане
The kingdom of the Huns (Sabir) in Dagestan is a state that existed in the V — X centuries on the territory of Dagestan. The southern limit of the Kingdom of the Huns was Derbent. The capital of the state was the city of Varachan.
Subsequently, the kingdom became dependent on the Khazar Kaganate, but nevertheless did not lose the remains of independence. The territory of the Kingdom of the Huns (Sabir) was absorbed by neighboring state entities in the X century.
The legacy of the Huns in Dagestan
Many toponyms, hydronyms and oronyms of the mountainous part of Dagestan (the Gunnalar quarter in the village of Kumukh, the Hunnich river, flowing into the Avarskoy Koisu, Mount Gunib to the northwest of the village of the same name and others) have a Hun origin. The direct descendants of the Huns of Dagestan may have been the Huns, mentioned in the Caucasus from the 14th century by Sheref al-Din Yezidi and Nizam ad-Din Shami, who described the campaigns of Timur in 1395 by Yagub-bek Lazarev (XIX century), based on information from Armenian sources, in the work “On the Huns of Dagestan” he identified the Huns with the Huns and wrote that this ethnonym has been known in the East Caucasus (Dagestan) since the time of the Medes. N. Khodnev considered the descendants of the Huns of the Huyens.
In his “History” M. Chamchian names four provinces: 1) Alan, 2) Bas las, 3) Gaptag and 4) Gong. The author of "Derbent-name" claims that Isfendiyar and Nushiravan this country was divided into four provinces: 1) Gulbakh, 2) The possession of the Tuman Shah, 3) Kaitag, 4) Nagorny Kumuk. These divisions correspond to the current situation in the country where Nagorny Kumuk or Gong, or Avar, consists of Kazi-Kumuk and Avar
Subsequently, the kingdom became dependent on the Khazar Kaganate, but nevertheless did not lose the remains of independence. The territory of the Kingdom of the Huns (Sabir) was absorbed by neighboring state entities in the X century.
The legacy of the Huns in Dagestan
Many toponyms, hydronyms and oronyms of the mountainous part of Dagestan (the Gunnalar quarter in the village of Kumukh, the Hunnich river, flowing into the Avarskoy Koisu, Mount Gunib to the northwest of the village of the same name and others) have a Hun origin. The direct descendants of the Huns of Dagestan may have been the Huns, mentioned in the Caucasus from the 14th century by Sheref al-Din Yezidi and Nizam ad-Din Shami, who described the campaigns of Timur in 1395 by Yagub-bek Lazarev (XIX century), based on information from Armenian sources, in the work “On the Huns of Dagestan” he identified the Huns with the Huns and wrote that this ethnonym has been known in the East Caucasus (Dagestan) since the time of the Medes. N. Khodnev considered the descendants of the Huns of the Huyens.
In his “History” M. Chamchian names four provinces: 1) Alan, 2) Bas las, 3) Gaptag and 4) Gong. The author of "Derbent-name" claims that Isfendiyar and Nushiravan this country was divided into four provinces: 1) Gulbakh, 2) The possession of the Tuman Shah, 3) Kaitag, 4) Nagorny Kumuk. These divisions correspond to the current situation in the country where Nagorny Kumuk or Gong, or Avar, consists of Kazi-Kumuk and Avar
Torks (tribe) https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Торки_(племя)
Torks (Guz, Huz) are one of the Turkic tribes that roamed in the Black Sea steppes in the X-XIII centuries. In 985, torquay mercenaries took part in the campaign of the Russian prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich to the Bulgars and Khazars.
At the beginning of the XI century, crowded by the Cumans from the east, the Torks migrated to the Dnieper, where they encountered the Russian state: in 1055, Prince Vsevolod went to them to protect the Pereyaslav land; in 1060, a campaign was launched against them by the princes Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod and Vseslav, ending, according to the annals, with the fact that the torques were “afraid, run through to this day; and after fleeing persecuting, they flew from winter, and another from hunger, and from another by sea. ”
In the XII century, torques again appear in the Don. In 1116, the Torks and the Pechenegs fought at the Don for two days with the Cumans and "came to Russia to Volodimer" (Monomakh). In 1121, Vladimir drove the Berendeys out of Russia, and the torques and Pechenegs fled themselves.
Part of the Torks in the XI century took the area along the river. Ros and obeyed the local princes. The center of these semi-saddle torques was the city of Torchesk. On the left bank of the Dnieper settled another group of Torks, who recognized the power of the Pereyaslavl prince. According to XII century news, these torques occupied the area near the city of Baruch. Part of the Torquay crossed the Danube and took the citizenship of Byzantium.
Torks who settled in Porosye and on the lands of the Pereyaslav principality became part of a vassal association of Turkic tribes called black hoods. Torks in the black hoods took part in protecting the borders of Russia from the Cumans and in the military campaigns of the Russian princes. During the Batu invasion in 1240, the Piglet was devastated. Many of the Torks, the Tatar-Mongols were resettled on the Volga, and the rest of the Tork colonists assimilated with the local Slavic population.
Torks left a lot of traces in toponymy in the territory of modern Ukraine: the river Torets and Torch, Torsky gent along the Tetliga river; the cities of Torchesk and Toretsk, villages - Torets, Torki, Torkov, Toretskoye, Torchin, Torchitsa.
Rulers: Kun-Tugdyhttps://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кун-тугды
At the beginning of the XI century, crowded by the Cumans from the east, the Torks migrated to the Dnieper, where they encountered the Russian state: in 1055, Prince Vsevolod went to them to protect the Pereyaslav land; in 1060, a campaign was launched against them by the princes Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod and Vseslav, ending, according to the annals, with the fact that the torques were “afraid, run through to this day; and after fleeing persecuting, they flew from winter, and another from hunger, and from another by sea. ”
In the XII century, torques again appear in the Don. In 1116, the Torks and the Pechenegs fought at the Don for two days with the Cumans and "came to Russia to Volodimer" (Monomakh). In 1121, Vladimir drove the Berendeys out of Russia, and the torques and Pechenegs fled themselves.
Part of the Torks in the XI century took the area along the river. Ros and obeyed the local princes. The center of these semi-saddle torques was the city of Torchesk. On the left bank of the Dnieper settled another group of Torks, who recognized the power of the Pereyaslavl prince. According to XII century news, these torques occupied the area near the city of Baruch. Part of the Torquay crossed the Danube and took the citizenship of Byzantium.
Torks who settled in Porosye and on the lands of the Pereyaslav principality became part of a vassal association of Turkic tribes called black hoods. Torks in the black hoods took part in protecting the borders of Russia from the Cumans and in the military campaigns of the Russian princes. During the Batu invasion in 1240, the Piglet was devastated. Many of the Torks, the Tatar-Mongols were resettled on the Volga, and the rest of the Tork colonists assimilated with the local Slavic population.
Torks left a lot of traces in toponymy in the territory of modern Ukraine: the river Torets and Torch, Torsky gent along the Tetliga river; the cities of Torchesk and Toretsk, villages - Torets, Torki, Torkov, Toretskoye, Torchin, Torchitsa.
Rulers: Kun-Tugdyhttps://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кун-тугды
Black Klobuks (Black Hats), confederates of Kiev princes https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Чёрные_клобуки
Black Klobuks (“Black Hats”, cf. Turkic karakalpak “black cap”) is the common name for the Turkic vassals of the Kiev princes settled in Porosye since the end of the XI century. As academician A. I. Fursov notes, black hoods were forerunners of the Cossacks. In fact, they carried out border service on a vast territory along the Dnieper, Stugny and Rosi, the zone of responsibility occupied by them was a kind of buffer between nomads and Russia.
Term
For the first time in historical sources that have survived to this day, the name “Black Klobuks” was mentioned in the Ipatiev Chronicle in 1146, and the last time in 1193. According to the annals, the Black Klobuks included Torks, Pechenegs, Berendeys and Kovuy (Koui). Also, once a chronicle mentions the Turpeys (1150), the Kaepichi (1160) and twice the Bastia (1170). The last mention of the Turkic vassals of the Kiev princes in the annals dates back to 1235 and concerns the Torks.
In the Moscow annals of the XV century, under 1152, black hoods are identified with Cherkasy: "All Black Klobuks are called Cherkasy every hedge." A little later, the same explanation was placed in the Resurrection Chronicle.
Area of the Black Klobuks near Kiev
Term
For the first time in historical sources that have survived to this day, the name “Black Klobuks” was mentioned in the Ipatiev Chronicle in 1146, and the last time in 1193. According to the annals, the Black Klobuks included Torks, Pechenegs, Berendeys and Kovuy (Koui). Also, once a chronicle mentions the Turpeys (1150), the Kaepichi (1160) and twice the Bastia (1170). The last mention of the Turkic vassals of the Kiev princes in the annals dates back to 1235 and concerns the Torks.
In the Moscow annals of the XV century, under 1152, black hoods are identified with Cherkasy: "All Black Klobuks are called Cherkasy every hedge." A little later, the same explanation was placed in the Resurrection Chronicle.
Area of the Black Klobuks near Kiev
Last edited: