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In 1720 Mighty Polish emperor of united Japan (with capital in Hamburg) started a war with Hungary over rich lands of Grenland. Luckily Norway with all of it's african colonies won a war with Novgorod over Port in Goa. Inca (a HRE) was a defender of protestant faith. Lithuania (still in alliance with poland) found itself a bit lost with territories in modern Syria and Iraq - but none in europe. France, a minor asian city state tried to colonize Canada.Yes. all of it in a single campaign.
 
Contrary to popular belief, Rome's collapse didn't start around 200 AD. It started shortly after history started in 11 AD.
 
When early Native Americans fought, the battles often went absolutely nowhere. Battles would often take years, until a stroke of luck finally ended them. Back then, artillery was the key to victory in Native American warfare.
 
Historians are still puzzled by today's entity known as Spain. For despite owning everything bar Lisbon and Barcelona, Castille never opted to become what is today known as Spain. the transition is lost in the history books of Europe, somewhere between the early 1800's and 1836.
 
Occupiers of territory needed to ask for the defenders permission in a peace deal, thus ending the war, to incorporate the land into their empire.
Vassals of a nation behind them in tech liked to keep their newly-discovered secrets to themselves.
All members of the same "tech group" had the exact same types of units, with no exception.
 
England becoming protestant was a terrible strategic choice, as they would have enjoyed far more perks have they stayed loyal to the pope. This goes doubly so for their colonies, such as the USA.

In practice, heavily feudalistic societies are far MORE vulnerable to spies than those whose subjects are free to do as they wish.

Western societies were globally dominant partially because of their religion, as Catholicism is the most powerful religion that ever existed! One wonders why didn't everyone convert to it, as its benefits are clearly tangible and measurable.

When Japan was discovered by the west, horns and fanfares played to alert everyone of this grand achievement. When China was discovered, nobody cared.

Historians wonder how the Ottomans managed to survive as long as they did, as their geographical position is one of the worst imaginable. Attacked from every direction by both Muslims and Christians, they would regularly become overwhelmed and collapse under their own weight.

Most government loans are taken by accident, when the state forgets how much gold remains in the treasury. The loaners are devious, as the government is forced to pay full interest with no option of paying it off ahead of time.

In the late middle ages, every European war could easily escalate to a scale surpassing that of World War I. This included a minor HRE nation declaring war on another minor HRE nation -- before you knew it half of Europa will would join forces to strike down the feeble city-state. Even more oddly, some accounts describe the city state as being the winner.

The Swiss were known through the ages as being unconquerable. This is not due to any great strategy or leadership, but due the the fact the federation was JUST large enough to avoid vassalization by greater powers. If they possessed one less canton, they would have been doomed!
 
In the Summer of 1776, during the Long Island Campaign, Washington's main problem must have been that the Army Maintenance Slider had be at or close to zero... Yeah, that explains it.
 
Historians wonder how the Ottomans managed to survive as long as they did, as their geographical position is one of the worst imaginable. Attacked from every direction by both Muslims and Christians, they would regularly become overwhelmed and collapse under their own weight.

Well in history they were few times. But ingame they in addition ussualy border GH. In my poland games, they fare pretty well, and even became a threat to me.
 
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Oh lord, how did I miss this? Pride and laughter came spewing out.

I learned that Brittany's twenty year long trade dispute is why it currently owns almost all of modern day France and Iberia, although they are a revolting lot.
 
Nastagio Guerra was an Italian military strategist who had observed Tamerlane's conquest of Western Asia. Here is an excerpt from his authored Guide to Modern Warfare:


Make haste, and advance upon your enemy territory with a large army (I have seen tens of thousands deemed sufficient). These armies must then wait, for they must take the city to claim its hinterland. Do not fret should your enemy lay havoc upon your own lands, for you are in his as well. Never give up the seige under any circumstances until the province is secure, and then go and lay siege to an adjacent city...


Nastagio's book would be read by all military commanders and strategists in Europe, and his strategy and tactics would be followed and applied by almost all nations for the next 500 years.
 
Whales were by far the richest trading commodity on Earth.
 
Nastagio Guerra was an Italian military strategist who had observed Tamerlane's conquest of Western Asia. Here is an excerpt from his authored Guide to Modern Warfare:


Make haste, and advance upon your enemy territory with a large army (I have seen tens of thousands deemed sufficient). These armies must then wait, for they must take the city to claim its hinterland. Do not fret should your enemy lay havoc upon your own lands, for you are in his as well. Never give up the seige under any circumstances until the province is secure, and then go and lay siege to an adjacent city...


Nastagio's book would be read by all military commanders and strategists in Europe, and his strategy and tactics would be followed and applied by almost all nations for the next 500 years.
Also, make sure you besiege provinces with one-regiment cavalry armies so they can run away if attacked.
 
Historians are puzzled to this day by how much the world changed in a mere 15 year period between 1821 and 1836. No record of history is kept from these years, so all modern historians can do is speculate.
 
Alternative history theorists predict that the United States of America would have suffered a crushing defeat in Southeast Asia during the Cold War had the area been controlled by the local Vietnamese kingdoms, rather than being subjugated by the Jurcheni-Korean armies in May of 1423.

They point to how England could have gone on to conquer vast swathes of the world had the Irish-Byzantine armies not forced them out of Scotland, Wales, and Northumberland, Jerusalem and Moroccan Africa They claim that the Ottomans would have controlled the entirety of the Middle East had not Emperor Komnenos O'Connor-Don the VIIth not forced them out of Anatolia and Upper Egypt in the Thunderbolt campaign of 1424. The Byzantine President laughed at this suggestion.