Operation Vörös Farkas, December 1938 – February 1939
The invasion of Greece had been the logical next step after the Czechoslovakia campaign. Although the Greek army had been mobilised for some time, the weight of numbers possesed by the Hungarian army had convinced High Command that the Greeks were incapable of halting an invasion. Nevertheless, High Command thought it necessary to wait till it had tanks at its disposal. This meant a wait at least till September (where the first, weaker division was ready) or November, when the second was complete.
The first ever Hungarian tank division, ready for deployment.
In fact, any plans for invasion were postponed until mid December, when both tank divisions were ready and organised for full combat operations. They were placed into the newly created 1st Armour Corps, attached to 2. Hadtest. All infantry divisions were already in position, along the Greek border. That this clearly warned the Greeks of Hungarian intent was of no concern to High Command. The Greek army was already mobilised, and any attempt at a pre-emptive strike from them would result in the entire might of the Axis armies crushing them. The plan developed by High Command was simple: A huge attack (with both tank divisions) at Edessa and then Meliki would cut off all divisions that this division would separate from Athens, leaving Salonika open for the taking, and hopefully decimating Greek military power. It would be necessary also to mount pinning attacks on all border provinces within the pocket-to-be, to prevent the troops simply marching out before the pocket could be closed.
The assembled might of the Hungarian army, along the Greek border.
Hoping to catch the Greeks on Christmas leave, the declaration of war was issued at 2300 on the 27th of December. It was curt and short, reading as follows:
’The purpose of this document is to state, as has also been stated by the Hungarian Foreign Ministry to you, the Greek Embassy and the representatives of your nation, that a state of war now exists between your nation and the Kingdom of Greater Hungary.’
The declaration of war is issued to the Greeks.
Immediately, operation ’Red Wolf’ began. Every soldier on the Greek border began his advance. Every tank and armoured car coughed into life and rolled forward. Every general waited anxiously by his map-table, counting the minutes until news came in from front line units. The eyes of high command lay fixed on Edessa and Meliki, the centre point of all of Red Wolf. The invasion had begun.
Hungarian divisions move out.
The first engagements, on the border.
One event that High Command had most certainly not planned for was the deployment of Greek submarines. Soon after the declaration of war, they ruthlessly began to make raids on Hungarian convoys. With no actual navy to face them, High Command had no choice but to cancel all convoys until the war was over.
The convoys which had to be cancelled due to Greek submarines.
Somewhat unnervingly for High Command, the first breakthrough came, not in Edessa, but in one of the provinces the main Hungarian thrust was attempting to cut off. Whilst not bad news in itself, High Command were anxious that troops were not pushed out of the pocket by such advances. On the other hand, Salonika was now a very short leap away, and such a tantalising target was not to be ignored. The order was given for the advance to continue in the direction of Salonika.
The first break in the Greek lines, near Salonika.
Soon after the first breakthrough, Edessa was captured and Meliki assaulted. Although many divisions had made it to Meliki and were attempting to pull out, they were in poor order and, even if they escaped, they were unlikely to be capable of serious resistance for some time. There were still several divisions within the soon-to-be-pocket, and the advance to Athens would, it appeared, soon be possible against little or no resistance. On top of this, the city of Salonika was now under direct attack by Hungarian divisions. The war was going rather well.
Salonika under attack.
The mass of disorganised Greeks retreating from Meliki, constantly under Hungarian fire.
Elsewhere, Greek resistance crumbled under the unrelenting Hungarian pressure. There was nowhere for routing troops to fall back to without coming under attack. Although engagements were few and casualties low on both sides, this was mostly due to the near total unwillingness of the disorganised Greek troops of resisting.
Quick and decisive Hungarian victories, despite the low death count.
Without any major resistance, Larisa fell. The Greeks could not retreat fast enough. Hungarian tanks rolled through the streets of Larisa itslef, never having to fire a shot, and stopping only to refuel, before continuing towards Athina. Behind them, rank upon serried rank, marching as if on parade, the Hungarian infantry moved on. One division was left to guard Larisa, the rest kept going.
The fall of Larisa.
Hungarian soldiers posing near Larisa.
A subpocket in the larger pocket formed by the taking of Edessa and Meliki, the Thasos pocket in fact held most of the troops in the entire major pocket. Totally cut off and outnumbered, the cornered Greeks had still put up spirited resistance, grimly holding on for a long time, before finally, with little or no ammunition or food remaining, giving up.
The end of the Thasos pocket – over 18,000 men were captured or killed.
The strategic situation in Greece by the 10th of February 1939.
Six days after the strategic review which displayed the above map to Horthy, Athina itself was besieged. Six Hungarian divisions, of which two were tank divisions, were attacking a skeleton Greek garrison of one guard division. By now, the fate of Greece had been sealed. The Greeks knew it too, and what little resistance that remained elsewhere was a pale shadow of what it had been just a few weeks ago, with whole formations of troops simply surrendering at the first sight of the enemy.
Athina under siege. The huge gulf in attacking power between the Hungarians and Greeks is apparent.
Given the ridiculous odds, the Greeks in Athina resisted well. The city lasted three days. Although poorly equipped, over 100 Hungarians were still killed by the Greeks. Despite their best efforts, Athina fell. One day later, the Greeks surrendered. That same day, Greece ceased to exist as a sovereign nation.
The Greek surrender.
The annexation of Greece is announced.
Crowds celebrate victory over Hungary in Budapest.
Greater Hungary.