Grigory Gershuni (July 1937 – August 1938)
Grigory Gershuni, born 1870, was a terrorist. His early political career included founding the Worker’s Party for the Liberation of Russia and burning down a police station in Talin before being sent to Siberia. His later acts included being a founder of the Social Revolutionary party and working as the leader of the SR “Combat Organization” organizing assassinations and other terrorist acts against the Tsarist regime.
He has been out of politics since the end of the Civil War. Kerensky and Gershuni did not see eye to eye, but Grigory did stay close friends with Chernov. When in April of 1937 Chernov removed Catherine Breshkovsky and her allies from Government he needed an extremely loyal man to be in charge of intelligence, and Gershuni was a sound choice.
Gershuni never had any illusions about the appointment. He was not a politician, but a terrorist, a revolutionary. He would not keep this job for long, but while he had it his goal was to do the most good for Russia by doing what he did best – organizing popular movements.
Gershuni came into conflict with Foreign Minister Mikhail Smirnov. Smirnov was, as Gershuni put it, a “naïve amateur when it came to politics.” His foreign policy was to try and negotiate and persuade and compromise – all great options in a marriage as far as Gershuni was concerned, but not in politics. And so Gershuni went to work, sure that he could get his way and fool Smirnov without a problem.
His first target was Central Asia. In Kazakhstan there were areas populated primarily by Russians and the Russian business class controlled much of the country’s economy. Gershuni felt that with just a little work and organizing he could deliver Kazakhstan into Chernov’s hands. He traveled to the country, organizing both business leaders and local peasant and worker groups, getting ready to demand that these regions were turned over to Russia. Unfortunately, his plan, however brilliant, never came to pass.
In August of 1937 Turkmenistan invaded Kazakhstan. Worse, the Mad Baron in Mongolia saw his opportunity and allied with the Turkmens, pretty much sealing the fate of the Kazakh nation. Gershuni was tempted to strike and to press for the immediate succession of the Russian regions, but he was overruled by Smirnov. The Foreign Minister insisted that it was in Russia’s best interest to support Kazakhstan and instead of taking over Kazakh lands Russia sent weapons and supplies to Kazakhstan to help them resist the Mongols and Turkmens.
Russia nearly entered the war directly some months later. In early 1938 a train full of Russians was stopped by Mongol bandits on the Trans Siberian Railroad and the passengers were massacred. Gershuni and many others called for the head of the Mad Baron, but Smirnov met with Mongolian representatives and negotiated the transfer of the railroad into Russian sovereignty. No war, no undercover operations, just talk, and just like that the Mongols gave up their biggest bargaining chip. Gershuni was furious.
So he went back to the drawing board, trying to organize a grassroots movement that could benefit Russia abroad. To his luck he found Faith and Nation. Now, by all accounts Faith and Nation started as an independent popular movement that thought to promote Orthodox ideals and to influence politics in Russia and abroad. Gershuni got his hands on it only after it had existed for some time. Still, in his capable hands it turned into a fearsome instrument for promoting Russian interests. Gershuni’s next target was Don-Kuban.
Don-Kuban was a place where Smirnov had already tried and failed to extend Russian influence. In early 1938 Smirnov traveled to Berlin to bring up the issue of Don-Kuban and secured Germany’s blessing for re-incorporation of Cossack lands into Russia. The Cossacks, however, were less agreeable than the Germans and continued to resist. To add to Russia’s problems, the Ottomans decided to side with the Cossacks and to threaten war if Russia moved against Don-Kuban. At least for the moment diplomacy seemed to have run out of options.
Gershuni seized initiative and begun supporting Faith and Nation meetings and organizations in Cossack lands. Mostly peasants, these people organized in towns and villages, mostly for religious ceremonies but sometimes to hear political speeches that were decidedly pro-Russian. The Cossacks did not respond to these groups and that infuriated Gershuni. He sent some of his agents to Krasnodar where at one of the Faith and Nation meetings they attacked and brutally killed one of the leading Cossack officials and a close friend of Krasnov. Unfortunately they got caught and revealed the plan and the Cossacks cried for vengeance.
Russia was suddenly at war, and the bulk of the spare troops were on the Kazakh/Mongol border in case hostilities should spill over to Russia. There were barely 18 divisions on the border with the Cossacks when the war started. Markov immediately recalled his officers and the best equipped and reinforced troops to Volgograd and begun preparing for a completely unplanned war.
Cossacks Ready for War: