Chapter X: Guillotine and the Summer Offensive
May & June 1918
Nearly four years had passed since war had first broken out over the independence of Serbia, three of the four Central Powers nations had fallen to the Entente and the remaining one faced war on three fronts. At yet still she tried to push into Russia and provoke a further, violent, revolution and subsequent collapse into civil war. Russia buckled under the strain, suffering crippling losses to her manpower. But she held, and not only did she hold, she fought back twice as hard. Together with her French Allies (who were landing in bigger force) the Baltic Push was finally halted, and pushed back into modern-day Lithuania. The Germans committed more troops to their offensive drive on Leningrad, but it was to no avail. With the Baltic route now open, France had been taking the opportunity to ship large quantities of howitzers and machineguns to her ally, and these were now beginning to reach the Front in real numbers. The USA too was shipping ammunition and rifles from east and west coast in huge convoys bound for Russia. With German confidence shaken and Russian morale improving the deadly manpower flux was finally stabilising- the Russian Army was gaining experience in it's lower ranks by virtue of them staying alive. The Germans however were starting to feel the strain, and had lost countless men in their continued offensives in the theatre, which had gone on regardless of season.
'That the sufferings of the wounded lying out through the long nights of icy wind in the No Man's Land between the lines would be great did not probably disturb the Crown Prince. It is one of the most gruesome facts in the history of the War that the French, peering through the moonlight at what they thought to be stealthily crawling Germans, found them to be wounded men frozen to death.'
With the German attacks petering out, but still with a large concentration of units ready to try and push forwards again French war-hero Field Marshal Joffre spied an opportunity. The man who had commanded and effectively engineered the downfall of both Austria and the Ottoman Empire, and the Danish campaign, was given a free reign in his operation, codenamed Guillotine and known by the press called as 'le Décapitation'. The plan was simple, but designed to be a deadly and shattering blow against the German Army, both materially and in morale. Under the plan Joffre's French corps would redeploy to Wilno, from where they would begin an offensive westwards, pushing through Lithuania to Memel and thus trapping the Germans north of there in a pocket in modern-day Latvia. The offensive commenced in mid-May during a confused and muddled German attack, and met startling success. In the meantime, the Russians began a furious attack further north, pushing the Germans down into the rapidly forming pocket area. The Germans were successfully encircled by the 12 of June, and held out under constant naval and land bombardment before surrendering on the 24th, and it is believed that at least 9 divisions were annihilated in the battle (the German records were subsequently destroyed by the Nazi regime in 1934). The German commander Conrad van Hotzendorf committed suicide rather than face the dishonour of surrendering to the French army. The attack had proved an unparalleled success, and Joffre was catapulted firmly into the minds of the French people as the great hero who was unstoppable as he lead them to victory. The Napoleon of his day. With the German forces suddenly being pushed back and large numbers of soldiers now in captivity the Germans were fearful that the eastern front would collapse, and so ordered a withdrawal to shorten their lines. It was to no avail, and French troops moved quickly to exploit their opportunity, occupying East Prussia by the middle of autumn.
Joffre leads the encirclement of a large portion of the German army in the east.
However, the besieged Germans were not idle in this period of the war, in fact, they launched into their most vigorous offensive since 1914. The Summer Offensive began on the 26th of August and it's aims were to try and force open the Western Front and bring the devastation of the war to the heart of France- it was not to be however. The German 'Summer Offensive' centred on Metz and Verdun was the beginning of the end for a tiring German Army. At the height of the attacks elements of some 39 Divisions were pounding themselves to pieces against the French lines. But it was to no avail, material and manpower losses were catastrophic and Germany was forced to replace these forces with the badly trained and ill-equipped Landswehr. Casualty estimates for the German forces vary greatly, but it is likely no degree of accuracy will ever be attained- once again, the official records were destroyed in 1934 by the ashamed Nazi regime before they could be declassified in 1938. Most historians' estimates however place the German losses at somewhere around a quarter of a million. Considering that the Offensive was halted on the 1st of September, less than a week after it started, these figures are staggering even within the context of this most brutal and bloody war. In the face of these casualties the common view was that Germany must surely have bled herself white, and once more political pressure mounted for a great offensive to end the war...
German soldiers on the attack in the disastrous 'Summer Offensive'