Rank and File
A Clerk’s War
22nd November to 24th November 1939
The 22nd saw the end of the lull in fighting. No less than 4 battles started that day, though one of these was also completed.
First off the block was 13.Infanterie (mot) which chased General Revers' 4th Motor Brigade into Xertigny. The only real question here was whether the French would stop long enough to put up any resistance at all. The 4th was on the verge of collapse and General Köstring thought it likely that all he would meet were a few scattered roadblocks: most of the enemy would be using their vehicles to put as great a distance between themselves and our leading units. He was not far wrong, as by 7PM the province was ours for only 37 casualties, mainly from reconnaissance units. French deaths were few, but they lost about 54 men, predominately as prisoners.
The Battle for St-Dié that started at about the same time, was very different, even thought the defenders were again member of an Allied motorised unit. This time it was the British 68th Motorised Brigade, led by General Bucknall. Bucknall had positioned his men well for a delaying action, and while Feige’s 8.Infanterie had a slight numerical superiority, their lack of motorised transport meant they were not able to fully utilise the benefits of the flat terrain. Still, Feige has the advantage of an artillery regiment (and the Luftwaffe!) and though it will not be easy, he expects to overcome whatever resistance the “Tommies” put up. He has warned the Österreich Army HQ that this will not be a quick victory: he will need to move slowly, using his guns to demolish makeshift “fortresses” as he goes. Bucknall is a skilled commander and will minimise his own losses while exacerbating ours.
Battle of St-Dié
A field gun crew of 8th Artillery Brigade, 8.Infanterie Division, prepares under camouflage. Although the Armée de l’Air is outnumbered, its bombers are still operating and our men are taking no risks.
The third battle of the morning involved General Jodl’s 14.Infanterie (mot) and the British 11th Infantry Brigade and the headquarters troops of the 3rd Corps in the province of Jussey. In reserve, still trying to regain some semblance of organisation, was 1ème Division de Cavellerie, the elite Belgian unit that has caused us so much trouble. Jodl is well known for his dull and unemotional reports, always restricting himself to the facts. So it was it was a little surprising to see that he predicted a quick, clean battle and that he anticipates being on the move again within a day or so.
The final battle of the day started at about the same time as Köstring was claiming victory in Xertigny. The veteran General Bock was up against a tough foe: General Beaumont and the renowned 2nd Marine Brigade blocked his advance into Épinal. The French unit had suffered a little from air attacks in the past few days, but it was still more than capable of holding its ground. 36.Infanterie faced some days of attritional warfare to force Beaumont back, unless significant reinforcements could be found.
This was possible, but I have seen a few documents which mention that the wide spaces in the west of France of swallowing an increasing number of units. Several papers by OKH advisers have advocated that we should concentrate more on the key areas identified as critical to on-going French resistance. Unfortunately, the orders that I have seen sent to the Army commanders already reflect this. It is the implementation that is flawed. Our units are trying to move directly to the objectives, but the French resistance is such that the lead units are continually being deflected of the shortest path, and being forced to fight for provinces of no military or political significance. I suppose that this is the reality of war: wonderful plans on paper tend to get altered when boots on the ground try to put them into practice.
Nevertheless, both General von Kluge (Army of the Ardennes) and General Dennerlein (Österreich Army) have been issued with new orders. Von Kluge has been told to remove Dijon (now many kilometres in the rear) from his list of objectives, and replace it with Toulons. Dennerlein has been told in no uncertain terms that one of his primary targets is Digoin. The intention is to make the two army commanders focus their advances towards these provinces and thus force the French to the negotiation table. I hope it works, but the Allies are proving to be defiant to the last.
At least at one place resistance has ceased: the Channel Islands are now under our control
Reichsmarschall Goering has been hard at work, or maybe the Führer has, of his own volition, turned his mind to our future air requirements. I know which solution I think is the most likely. With Unternehmen Stahlknüppel moving relentlessly forward, the Air Minister has seen his opportunity to expand the Luftwaffe. On the 23rd three bundles of papers were delivered, each relating to a new aircraft manufacturing contract. While I can see the reason for approving the manufacture of new geschwader of Ju 87G dive bombers and He 111 tactical bombers, it was the third contract that really surprised me. The Führer has personally endorsed the incorporation of a Langstrecken -Großbomber division of the Luftwaffe, and this contract authorises the formation of KG 27 “Boelcke” and orders Junkers to start producing a run of one hundred Ju 89 bombers. There must have been a real change of heart at the very top of the Reichluftfahrtministerium, which has always seen the role of the Luftwaffe as a combination of “air artillery” to support the Heer and Jagdwaffe to protect the Reich. This one contract reflects a dramatic switch in priorities, as it will cost an absolute fortune to not only build a force of these planes, but also to develop all the associated technology to bring them to world standards. It could be drain on our economy and research groups for years.
A prototype Dornier 19V – an unsuccessful bidder for Langstrecken-Großbomber contract
Normally with equipment orders I just glance at the front few pages, just to see what is happening, but I read through the whole of the third bundle. Somebody was very thorough in putting together the paperwork, which was probably very wise. Anyone with any knowledge of the power struggles in the Luftwaffe during the early 1930’s would have seen that this contract would go to the very top, and the Führer is addicted to technical details. He likes to read all the appendices, supplements and “technical folders” for new weapons and equipment. It would be a very foolish clerk who decided to leave out anything at all.
The successful applicant: a prototype Ju 89, the V1
A whole sequence of arguments was put up to support this switch, but there were three arguments that seemed to gain the most support (as I could tell by the comments in the margins, often in the easily recognisable handwriting of the Führer or the Reichsmarschall). The first was that we had the industrial capacity to produce such an expensive weapon. Admittedly up to now our economy and manufacturing base was such that we simply could not afford to build an air force able to simultaneously assist the Heer, defend the Reich and attack the enemy’s production centres. But with our increasing industrial base, our improved use of technology and additional sources of raw materials, Minister Schacht has (I sensed reluctantly) agreed that we could afford at least a small force of heavy bombers, though fuel consumption may be a problem if it is increased too much. That was the only chink that Goering needed to push for expansion.
The second argument went to straight to the point: revenge. The RAF had been bombing our cities for months, and while we have inflicted heavy losses on their bombers, it does not alter the fact that our civilian morale has been adversely impacted. It is time for us to show the British that we too can strike at their cities. Not only will we reduce their manufacturing capacity and force them to invest scarce resources in rebuilding infrastructure, installing anti-aircraft and reserving fighters for defence, but we will also reduce their national unity. A “Das stimmt!” in bold letters in the margin showed that this had struck home with at least one reader.
The third was more long term and related to the top secret ultimate aim: the invasion of the USSR. Even the most optimistic estimates envision a two year campaign in Russia. Our intelligence indicates that they have more than 300 divisions, and that they have started to move towards mobilisation. The officer losses of the Great Purge are being made up, and our industrial spies report that while far behind us, the Red Army will have some respectable weaponry. The sheer size of the country will mean that much of the manufacturing capacity will be far in the rear. We need some means of ensuring that the hundreds of additional divisions that Stalin will call up are given as little new equipment as possible, and that the new tanks and planes produced in the trans-Urals factories never get to the front line to replace the antiquated I-15 fighters and T-26 tanks we currently face.
The Russians have hundreds of these I-15 “Chaikas”, but they present no threat to the Luftwaffe. We need to make sure that the new fighters being currently designed reach the front in limited numbers and the worst we meet in the air is the “Seagull”
Anyway, the decision has been made and by the end of next year the new geschwader should be ready for action. (The contract stipulates 393 days, but there is likely to be some delay in freeing up a Junkers production line – they are all busy churning out dive bombers as fast as they can.)
Both Jodl and Back lodged their victory reports just before the end of the day. As he predicted the day before, Jodl’s trucks were moving freely through Jussey, following the trail of abandoned equipment left by the British and the Belgians as they attempt to escape to fight another day. Losses reflect the lack of serous fighting: 13 German to 49 Allied lost. Bock had a harder fight, but only just, losing 79 men in taking Épinal from the Marines, who lost 112. Obviously the marines had been more shaken by the earlier bombing than we had thought.
General Jodl may regret his promptness in claiming victory though. Just as I was about to leave for home we were notified that his advance had been halted. Lead units of 14.Infanterie (mot) have come under fire from a French unit. Early information is that this is 19ème Division under de Verdillac. Perhaps conscious that his reputation for conservative reporting was on the line, Jodl assured his superior officer, Lt General Cochenhausen, commander of 1st Motorkorps, that this was a very minor incident and that he expected to confirm his division to be mobile again within hours.
The next day I immediately saw that fate (in the form of General Köstring) had smiled on General Jodl. The first document on my desk was from the communications officer of 13.Infanterie (mot) informing Lt General Hoth of the 1st Leichte Panzerkorps that while temporarily resting in Xertigny the division had been attacked by a French division which appeared to be already involved in fighting to the rear. It was in fact the lead elements of de Verdillac’s 19ème Division trying to disengage from Jodl. It seems as though the French are just fleeing in disorder, with no idea of the forces around them or any coherent orders being received from their headquarters.
At lunchtime we heard from General Jacob again. No surprise here: he is again going to try to take Sancergues. Once again his foe will be the British General Thorne and his determined 38th Infantry Brigade. Jacob said that his intelligence officer believed that the British have been weakened by the bombing over the past few days, and that 2.Infanterie and 29.Infanterie (mot) are both back to full strength and keen to avenge their previous defeat. But Jacob acknowledges his main enemy is the River Loire. Bridging work continued even after the fighting stopped and Jacob is convinced that this third attack will be successful. He correctly points out that losses in the prior two attacks were minimal, and claims he has learnt a lot about the Allied defences. For his sake I hope he is right: very few careers survive three unsuccessful attacks on the same objective.
Battle of Sancergues
29.Infanterie (mot) begins crossing the Loire
The end of the 24th brought news from both Xertigny and Jussey: 19ème Division has given up the fight on both fronts and both Jodl and Köstring have ordered their trucks forward again, having each lost 32 men. Reliable figures are not available for French losses, but they appear to be about 137, maily stragglers who surrendered without a fight.
French prisoners awaiting transfer from Xertigny: morale is low in the French Army but politically there is no weakening as yet
As I mentioned a few days ago, the Kriegsmarine has decided to provide a regular summary of U-boat activity to replace the normal reports.
Unterseebootsflotte activity summary
Breton Coast:
1 transport (UK): Plymouth – Maldives: von Nordeck
Western Charcot Seamount:
2 transports, 1 Escort (Fr): Algers- Lorient: Wolf
Eastern King’s Trough:
2 transports (UK): Plymouth – St Helena: Fricke
Coast of Galicia:
2 transports (UK): Plymouth – El Iskandariya: Wolf
Channel Approaches:
1 transport (UK): Plymouth – Muqdisho: von Nordeck
Eastern King’s Trough:
1 transport (Fr): Bourdeaux – Abidjan: Fricke
Bombing summary
Luftwaffe
Sarreguines: Udet with 3rd Stukakorps (2 x Ju 87G):
78, 147
Sarreguines: Kitzinger with 3rd Taktischeluftflotte, 3rd Stuakkorps (2 x He 111, 2 x Ju 87G):
225, 289
Xertigny: Löhr with 2nd Stukakorps (2 x Ju 87G):
105
Jussey: Löhr with 2nd Stukakorps, 1st Taktischeluftflotte (2 x Ju 87G, 1 x Bf 109G, 2 x He 111):
134, 248
St-Dié: Kitzinger with 3rd Taktischeluftflotte (2 x He 111):
86, 217, 169
Épinal: Udet with 3rd Stukakorps (2 x Ju 87G):
62
Épinal: Kesselring with 1st and 3rd Stukakorps (4 x Ju 87G):
216
Épinal: Kesselring with 1st Stukakorps (2 x Ju 87G):
154
Jussey: Löhr with 2nd Stukakorps (2 x Ju 87G):
44, 95
Sancergues: Dörstling with 6th and 1st Taktischeluftflotte (2 x Bf 109G, 4 x He 111):
267
Jussey: Kesselring with 1st and 2nd Stukakorps (4 x Ju 87G):
91
Armée de l’Air
Cosne-Cours: Jauneaud with 2 x TAC:
156
France at end of 24th November: the vice is tightening
Eastern Africa: lack of supplies will destroy the Italian forces
A reminder of happier times in Italian East Africa: a publicity photograph published by the Italians after the fall of Ethipia. The reality is that this unit probably now has no fuel or spare parts for its trucks and little ammunition for its guns. In fact, there may be little food for the soldiers and no clean uniforms for the immaculate officers.