Rank and File
A Clerk’s War
A Clerk’s War
1st June to 2nd June 1939
I’m not sure if sleeping in the office was a good idea. My unspoken hope had been that I would hear as soon as we had a victory against the French. Instead, I was among the first to hear, just after midnight, that the French had launched another massive attack, this time in Saarlouis. I actually managed to get a transcribed copy of General Muller’s initial frantic radio message. It is not hard to detect an edge of panic as he reports that his 10.Infanterie Division is under attack from at least four divisions, with apparently another in reserve. He is facing tanks and motorised units, and is outnumbered more than four to one (an estimated 44,000 men are ranged against him). He has the benefit of the fortifications of the Westwall, but these will only buy him a little time. It is quite clear from his message what he needs: reinforcements.
Battle of Saarlouis
When we started to get the news from the east, anyone would think that OKH (or maybe even higher – the Fuhrer himself?) has demanded that the Polish campaign be speeded up. No less than four fresh attacks were launched on the first morning of June. But no, I think it is just coincidence. Possibly our units have just recovered from their exertions from the first wave of attacks and are ready to advance again.
1st Panzer Division is moving into Grudziadz across the Vistula, Rommel is taking his 73.Infanterie Infanterie into Rypin and von Hadeln’s 9.Infanterie Division has attacked Zywiec. The final attack (at 10AM) was the largest – three divisions, led by 1st Leichte Panzer, racing across the plains of Slupca, ran straight into another Polish unit trying to block their advance.
Battle of Grudziadz
Battle of Rypin
Battle of Zywiec
Second Battle of Slupca
As news poured in of what seems to be an escalation of tempo against the Poles, we also heard (at noon) of concrete action to assist General’s Zaiser and Muller on the Westwall. VI Armeekorps has been detached from the Benelux Army and assigned to the Westwall Army. It may take a while for it to get moving, but help is on the way! The addition of four fresh infantry divisions should slow the French, even if they have sent at least ten divisions across the Maginot Line against us.
During all the excitement of advances and attacks, General Himmler had another victory, this time in Gniezno. While not seen as a leading tactician, he is certainly developing a reputation for getting the job done, and with minimal losses (176). The Poles lost 486 soldiers.
Not everything was going our way, but the Polish reaction was a pinprick. Pawlikowski’s bombers appeared again over Allenstein, but Bogatsch was quick off the mark and soon had two geschwader of Messerschmitts challenging them.
The other bad news was the loss of another tanker from Boston, sunk by the Danes of the Coast of Holland. While we have plenty of other ships, the news of unopposed convoy sinkings is having a very bad effect on public opinion, and Goebbels has said that it cannot be allowed to continue. If we cannot protect our shipping, we must seriously consider ordering our ships to return home, even if this means cancelling our trade deals for oil. (The Danes sank another tanker the following day – it can’t be long before Minister Schacht’s desire for oil imports is insufficient to withstand the combined arguments of Minister Raeder, concerned about shipping losses, and Minister Goebbels worried about public opinion.)
I did ask few people why we didn’t escort our ships as the British do, but it was pointed out to me that the British Navy had literally hundreds of small vessels suitable for the task, and bases around the world to supply and repair them. We do not have the same luxury.
Not much concern at the next item of news: the Danes attempting to recapture Slagelse. General Jahn indicated he would have no difficulty in repulsing Albrechtsen’s 1st Zealand Division and continuing west.
Second Battle of Slagelse
At dusk we received the news we had been dreading to hear: Zaiser has ordered a retreat from Pirmasens. His losses are very high (1523 dead) and his 35.Infanterie has lost all semblance of organisation. We cannot expect them to be a viable force for some time. The Westwall has been breached – when I look at the Wehrmacht maps of western Germany there are not many troops to block a French advance.
A few hours later we had victory in Krynica, but this again was a bloody affair. Although we inflicted 3165 casualties, we lost 1373 of our men. According to the Chief of Staff, Fritz Bayerlein, we cannot sustain these losses in what are essentially small engagements.
Hanging around, waiting for news from the west, I didn’t even notice that it had passed midnight. I only looked at the office clock when we received word from our U-boats in Setubal Bay. Despite rain and overcast skies, they have had a major success, sinking three ships from a convoy on the Colombo-Plymouth route.
Minutes later, we heard that General Brand has moved back into Ruzomberok with his 3rd Gebirgsjagers. He has a slight edge on the Polish 20 Dywizjon Piechoty and is a far better leader than Dreszer, so there is hope for a quick, cheap victory.
Second Battle of Ruzomberok
As if enough wasn’t happening, General Himmler met resistance as he advanced in Gniezno: he was attacked by Mackiewicz from Bydgoszcz. As is now usual, Himmler has assured Polen Army Nord he can handle the situation without assistance.
Second Battle of Gniezno
I must have dozed off for a few hours, because the next I knew it was dawn. I saw a junior clerk wandering around (there is now a skeleton staff at the Kanzlei all night) and soon a cup of coffee had me operating at above 50% efficiency. The Luftwaffe reported that our planes were under attack in both the west and the east. Christiansen has four geschwader (including my brother’s “Schlageter”) over Metz, taking on Basset’s two air wings. There is more concern about Kalkus, who is chasing Udet’s Stukas over Rypin. Kalkus continued his attacks all day, and by 1PM Udet had sustained more than 10% losses. At that time OKH again ordered our Bf 109Gs to take on the Poles. Within hours the Gustavs were involved in the fight, but by then our Ju 87B losses were approaching 20%.
During the morning, a couple of successes were confirmed. Von Bohm-Bezning is mopping up in the forests of Chojnice, and von Hadeln is advancing into Zywiec having beaten 12 Dywijon Piechoty. Our casualties were 217 and 127 respectively; the Poles lost 736 and 166.
The Poles are definitely not finished, despite the succession of attacks we have launched. The long suffering 62.Infanterie Division is under attack again. General Felber has only 9146 men left, even though he has received replacements for some of his casualties. He had hardly got his men settled into Sensburg when Kruszewski sent two full divisions against him. East Prussia is definitely not the place to be for an infantryman.
Second Battle of Sensburg
As the day drew to a close, bad news arrived from Denmark. The Danes have repulsed our assault, and we have taken very high casualties. As our troops dejectedly headed south, Benelux Army reported 2137 dead or missing. It was not much of a consolation that we inflicted 2688 on the Danes. We had thought the Danes would be completely outclassed and would crumple under pressure, but they are made of sterner stuff and have given us a lesson on holding territory. Admittedly they flung in every possible unit into the defence, but that does not explain our defeat. Luftwaffe officers are not slow to point out a possible explanation: lack of air support.
At least the dependable Himmler sent good news. He has brushed aside the resistance in Gniezno and is firmly in control of the province.
I had been wondering why we had no reports of 1 and 6 Taktischeluftflotte operating against the French. It has been several days since they were transferred from the Polish Front. News came in during the morning that both units were being transferred from Munchen to Frankfurt-am-Main. No-one seems to know why, but there is speculation that is may be that supply is better at Frankfurt.
No matter what the reason, there is no mention in the Luftwaffe bombing summary of any bombing raids against the French. (On the positive side, the French bombers have not returned since Christiansen’s interceptors taught them a lesson).
Bielso-Biala: Grauert with 4 x He 111: 143
Gniezno: Kesselring with 2 Ju 87B: 37, 62
Chojnice: Kitzinger with 2 x He 111: 138, 140, 84, 46
Zywiec: Grauert with 4 x He 111: 206, 155
Slupca: Lohr with 2 x Ju 87B: 64
Rypin: Udet with 2 x Ju 87B: 44
Bydgoszcz: Muller-Michiels with 2 x He 111: 113, 83
Slupca: Kesselring with 2 x He 111, 4 x Ju 87B: 119
Bydgoszcz: Kesselring with 2x He 111, 2 x Ju 87B: 124
Slupca: Kizinger with 2 x He 111, 2 x Ju 87B: 131
Bydgoszcz: Muller-Michiels with 2 x He 111: 44
Allenstein: Pawlikowski with 1 x tactical bomber dywijon: 37 (soon stopped by Lorzer’s fighters)
Fall Weiss at midnight 2nd June
Still no news of movement by VI Armeekorps. General Kesselring, commander of the Westwall Army, is a highly skilled officer. Surely he must realise the urgency of the situation and get the troops heading south to block the French? A few soldiers with whom I have become friendly over the past weeks smiled at my naiveté. They explained that it is not simple to transfer command of a whole armeekorps and start it moving. Lines of command have to be set up, roads assigned, supply and transport organised etc. And that is in peacetime. When in combat, the commanders need to decide where the troops can be best used, often on the basis of little reliable information. I suppose I have a lot to learn about strategy.
Westwall at midnight 2nd June
I just wish that we got some positive news from the west: it is all very depressing at the moment.
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