Chapter Fifteen
Wherein Souls are saved, old Friendships are remembered, new Friendships prove their worth, the civilizing Rivers run red with Blood
Dampier had secured North Africa but was uncertain of his next move. Ultimately it would be the concerns of the Greek people that decided his action. In the decades prior to the revolution, the Ottoman Empire had methodically supplanted the Orthodox religion in the Balkans. It was one of the many motivations for the Greek revolt. Even as England’s war went on, the Ottomans were forcibly converting the historic city of Athens.
Though a campaign in Greece proper would not only be an appeal to the Greeks’ faith; it also made sound military sense. The Ottoman army had no presence in the Balkans. It would require a long march about the Black Sea coast for them to respond.
With all this considered, General Dampier sent Lawrence Uxbridge to capture Athens, then later joined him on the Peloponnesian Peninsula.
Though this action was successful, it highlighted one of Dampier’s primary operational constraints: his lack of sea transport. Since the India Army was introduced into the theater, the number of troop transports in the Mediterranean was inadequate. Dampier wrote to London requesting more.
This created a small scandal for Lord Protector Rodney. When he canceled his predecessor’s plans for a full invasion, he decommissioned many of the transports that had been prepared. At the time his reasoning was sound. The Commonwealth’s burgeoning trade created a huge demand for merchant ships; however, over the last few years the shipyards of England were contracted to capacity building warships for the Commonwealth Navy. Therefore merchantmen were at a premium. Rodney’s sale of the decommissioned transports was a budgetary boon.
Now, however, as those selfsame ships proved critical to the war effort, Rodney looked militarily inept. He wasted no time ordering the construction of more, and tried to downplay the fact this expense eroded any windfall from the previous sale.
To help repair his military credentials, Rodney appointed one William Anson to the Council of State. Anson became responsible for managing the logistics of the war effort. Under his administration, there was a notable increase in reinforcement speed. Dampier liked this well, as it allowed more rapid, successive actions against the Turk.
In Greece, the English had ample time to destroy yet another vassal army before the Ottomans arrived.
As they did so, Ottoman ships appeared in the Gulf of Taranto. One of Cornwallis’ blockade squadrons tried to meet it, but could not reach the swift ships before they made it to port. Clearly, the Ottomans had sailed these vessels from the Red Sea. In response, Cornwallis positioned a picket at the Pillars of Heracles. Turkish attempts at naval presence in the Mediterranean were thus thwarted.
Importantly, the Portuguese allowed the Commonwealth use of their port at Tangiers. Rodney had improved relations with Portugal, following the advice of the late van Beverningk. Now there was some tangible benefit.
After some successful campaigning, Dampier had to retreat. Ottoman armies were arriving in force. Luckily his lack of transports would not be an issue, as he made across the straits to Naxos. There he would remain until the ships arrived from England.
Although the Ottomans and their vassals would eventually reverse all of Dampier’s gains, his campaign had been a success: the Christian souls of Athens were saved. Yet whilst Dampier and his India Army scored a victory against the Ottomans, in their old area of responsibility the Commonwealth was dealt a blow. The Tamil Patriots captured Kongu and moved on to siege Madras.
On April 10th, 1679, newly built transport ships made for the Mediterranean. Though London had not only approved the commitment of more ships, but more regiments as well. The intelligence Dampier acquired proved the Ottomans numbered, always and everywhere, at least 30,000. Rodney may not have wanted a full-fledged invasion, but he did want victory, and he knew it could not be won at such a disadvantage.
Five extra regiments sailed directly into port at Cyrenaica, whilst Dampier’s whole expedition embarked from Naxos.
They combined in Libya before moving eastward into Ottoman Egypt. In a manner of days, Alexandria, the all-important center of trade, was taken. The capture of Delta followed soon after. Then Uxbridge was tasked with a brief excursion across the Nile to seize Cairo.
Dampier planned to make a stand on the banks of the Nile River delta. It was a strong position from which to defend. However, the oncoming Ottomans were great in number. Dampier was conflicted. He had prepared for a fight--finally a chance to engage--but he did not prepare for these odds. He had but one chance for victory. If the Ottomans were overconfident in their numbers, they might split their forces to simultaneously attack him at Delta and retake Cairo. However, it was a frightful gamble--one that chanced the defeat and destruction of the entire English war effort. Could he risk it?
Whilst Dampier deliberated, London was in turmoil. Years of war had the public on edge. When a celestial body decorated the night sky, the people of England took it as an omen. Society destabilized. The budget was readjusted to keep the peace. During this budgetary debate, Parliament took the opportunity to delineate the fiscal powers of the Commonwealth government. Naturally they deigned to give themselves more power. Rodney offered little in the way of protestation, coming from a legislative background himself. Besides, it was believed a stronger Parliament would lead to swifter stability.
Meanwhile, in India, the Danes decided to liberate Kongu, having expanded their presence in the south of the peninsula. However, they did not engage the Tamil Patriots in Madras, not wanting to risk a superfluous fight before their war was won. The Commonwealth hoped their victory came soon, for the walls of Madras were already breached.
In Egypt, Dampier’s deliberation ended. He made perhaps the most important decision in the war: he returned to sea. In doing so he avoided defeat. The Ottomans did not split their force, even in the absence of enemy troops.
All of Dampier’s conquests were lost in a series of four day sieges. To respond, he landed north and took the city of Aleppo. He wanted an engagement, and now he was going to have it. The Ottoman Imperial Army marched on his position from the north.
The English army took up a defensive position on the bank of the River Sajur (a tributary of the ancient Euphrates). General Dampier, more shrewd than egotistical, had his lieutenant Uxbridge command the defense. Dampier knew the man was more skilled in the tactical use of artillery, an advantage the English army had over the Turkish.
On March 12, 1680, the two armies met. The Turkish fought well, inflicting significant casualties on the Commonwealth forces. However, they suffered more. On March 25, after nearly a fortnight of brutal violence, the Ottomans broke, and retreated south. England had her first major victory, the Battle of Aleppo.
Now, Dampier took personal control of the army. The guns had done their job, it was time for maneuver. The Ottomans hadn’t a day of rest. Dampier reengaged the Turks the day they arrived in Beirut. To their credit, the Ottomans did not fall without a fight. However, it was not nearly enough. The Battle of Beirut was a complete rout.
It cost 6,711 English lives, but the Ottoman Imperial Army was destroyed. This victory was critical. The Ottoman treasury was lacking. They would not soon be able to replace their lost regiments. Further, newly-recruited Ottoman regiments would have a hard time combining into an effective fighting force; between constant rebellions and English coastal raiding, their chances of survival were not good.
Battles won, the Commonwealth could finally begin to win the war.