- V -
Succession crisis
With the death of Hidalgo, another problem appeared: his succession. The personality of the priest of Dolores, along with his national prominance as announcer of the Declaration of Independance and his religious one, due to his position of priest, permitted the consensus between the liberal and conservative factions within the revolutionary leaders. Despite the tensions provocated by Hidalgo's reticence towards Mexican expansionnism, most of the military leaders, such as Ignacio Allende, Nicolás Bravo, Vicente Guerrero, Marcos Escobedo, José Mariano Michelena, Guadalupe Victoria, and the distinguished hero of the conquest of Florida, Agustin de Iturbide.
Independant Mexico had still not a Constitution, and Liberal and Conservatives were still divided about the nature of the future Mexican regime. Hidalgo himself made first his revolt in order to overthrow the chauvinist juntas, still faithful to the rightful king of Spain, Fernando VII, but after the final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815 and the return of the Bourbon king to his Spanish throne, the Spanish counter-attack in Nicaragua obliterated his minds. Liberals were proponent of a Republic built on the principles of the French philosophers, inspired from the United States, while the Conservatives wanted a kingdom ruled by a prince of the Bourbon family, or any noble from any European dynasty.
In order to act as rulers of the country while politicians were drafting the Constitution, a military triumvirate composed by Vicente Guerrero, Ignacio Allende and Agustin de Iturbide took his functions.
The military triumvirate: Guerrero, Allende and Iturbide
During the two years that followed the death of Hidalgo, another problem raised in Mexico: the Indians' rights. Even if the equality between all Mexicans was a key project in Hidalgo's minds, it was in fact far to be true: former New Spain was independant, without political infrastructure and huge, and the landowners still had a considerable power in some regions. Freeing the Natives would begin a civil war, more terrible than ever. The priest and follower of Hidalgo, José Maria Morelos, launched a proclamation, at the Chilpancigo National Constituent Congress, establishing Mexican independence, the Catholic religion, creating the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government, declaring respect for property, abolishing, slavery and all class and racial social distinctions in favor of the title "American" for all native-born individuals, along with torture, monopolies and the system of tributes were also abolished. Unfortunately, he was assassinated by an Conservative in 1819: some said that Iturbide hired the murderer to avoid to lose the support of the Conservative class.
In 19 May, 1820, after two years of unfruitful and violent debates for a Constitution, and fruitless negociations with European royals, the triumvirate decided to look after a compromise: Mexico would be a parliamentary monarchy, inspired by the United Kingdom, with the public institutions that stood in New Spain, but the monarch will be a Mexican general, raised from the military and the Independance War: this was inspired by Napoleon.
And the chosen one admired Napoleon's example, and like him, finally arise in a military triumvirate: he was reluctant, as he was sincerely believing that a monarchy without royal blood would be ridiculous, and even if he was the right man for the job, he was still hindered by the will of his fellow generals, who gave him a throne but with some reticence.
This man was Augutus the First, Constitutional Emperor of Mexico, from the dynasty of Iturbide, who was 36 and had yet eight children. Crowned by the archbishop of Mexico City, he was incarnating a new dream: not only the dream began by Napoleon of a new Caesar, a general becoming emperor, but of a Latin and Catholic Empire in America, to respond to the rising Anglo-Saxon and Protestant Republic in America, the United States.