[Forum Game] - World in Revolution: 1861 Mk. IV

etranger01 · Jul 4, 2017

The French Empire

His Imperial Majesty NAPOLEON III, Emperor of the French by the Grace of God and the Will of the Nation, wishes the following to be made known:

- That the Sublime Porte actively attempted to undermine and betray the French intervention undertaken on the Sultan's behalf through the excitation of resistance in the Egyptian administration, the same administration to which the French government was contracted to restore order.

- That the Sublime Porte has engaged in a campaign of bribery and threats made against the French Empire in order to assert its direct control over the Egyptian principality, contrary to its own public wish to restore the status quo.

- That, having been informed that, given their dishonorable behavior and attempts to undermine regional stability, the Egyptian principality would now reside under French authority and influence, the Sublime Porte threatened to excite religious violence against the French Empire, to seize French-owned or -leased properties within the Ottoman Empire, and to default on its debts held by French-owned banks.

As such, the French Empire is under no obligation and is not in any way disposed to accommodate the Sublime Porte, which has proven itself untrustworthy, criminal, and entirely bereft of the civilized qualities found in proper nations. Let it be known that, should the Sublime Porte act or be perceived to have acted in any fashion against French interests or French citizens, whether inside the Ottoman Empire or outside its borders, it will find its aggression met with every resource that the French Empire can bring to bear against it. Let no one question France's determination on this matter.

However, in light of our historic friendship with the United Kingdom and our acknowledgement of their legitimate interests in seeing the Sublime Porte's government maintained despite the feckless behavior of its officials, the French Empire hereby offers a one-time payment of (60m statbucks) to the Ottoman Empire for the transfer of its protectorate over the Egyptian principality to France and a cession of all influence and authority therein. His Imperial Majesty is prepared to permit the Ottoman Sultan to retain his titles and claims as regard Egypt, so long as they are acknowledged to have no force or effect, and so long as the Sultan and the Sublime Porte refrain from any future communication with or efforts to influence the Egyptian principality, save through the good offices of the French Empire.

We look forward to a swift and affirmative reply.

Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys
Foreign Minister of the Empire

oxfordroyale · Jul 4, 2017

THE KINGDOM OF ITALY
TURIN

Extracts from a Statement made by Bettino Ricasoli, Prime Minister of Italy and Minister of Foreign Affairs, on 14 January 1865.

In the light of the recent peace between the North American belligerents and the end of a war which has raged for four long and bloody years, the Italian government, in accordance with sound policy and the wishes of His Majesty Vittorio Emanuele II, is resolved to alter its long-standing attitudes towards the American conflict. As such, the Kingdom of Italy hereby officially recognizes the Confederate States of America, acknowledging their sovereignty as an independent nation and all that entails. We hope to establish normal and mutually beneficial relations with this new country post-haste.

The Kingdom of Italy is hopeful that this peace will be a lasting one, and that the Confederate States and the United States might learn to overcome the violence of their parting.

99KingHigh · Jul 4, 2017

Holy Brother, Your Excellency, Duke of Madrid, and righteous Prince of Asturias,

The accomplishment of the ascension to the throne of the progeny of Infante Carlos, Count of Molina, righteous King of Spain, Carlos V, is a moment worthy of the most rejoiced Triumph of our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ. Righteous Prince, I know the grievances of Your sovereign Person, and the purpose of your Revolt against Your Father; I have thus come before you, as an emissary of God, and emissary of my Government, and beg you, like good Catholic King Richard the Lionheart, to accept your Inevitable succession, cease the rebellion of your supporters, and Know that refusal will only do damage to the repudiation of the illegitimate, illicit, and sacrilegious "Pragmatic Succession of 1830." It pains me to see the possibility of your dynasty's victory, upon the possibility of resolution, thrust into such dubious existence; I pray dearly for the lands of my forefathers.

My Son, if the revolt of paternal discontentment is not resolved, the Purpose of your foes, in present exile, will be resolved against you, and they shall direct themselves, by virtue of their spite, to the degradation of Your Righteous succession. Good Prince, let me gain from your father certification of your succession upon the resolution of His Reign, and for this service, I beg you submit to the restoration of the Carlist cause, and Prepare to take the Throne upon his passage into Heaven.

Faithfully yours in Christ,
Nicholas Wiseman
Cardinal, Archbishop of Westminster

MastahCheef117 · Jul 4, 2017

A Shootout in Missouri

James Butler Hickok was born in 1837 to an abolitionist father in Illinois. In 1855 he had moved to Kansas and, fancying himself a Unionist and an abolitionist, served as a Jayhawker during Bleeding Kansas. From 1861 to 65 he served in various positions in the Union Army, from an infantryman in the Kansas Brigade, to a spy in Confederate territory, to a teamster and wagonmaster for Union forces in Missouri. By the end of the war, he had found himself in central Missouri, a place which had experienced the guerrilla warfare of 1861, early 1862, and late 1864. It was where Philip Sheridan, "the Butcher of the Shenandoah", gained his fame, hanging any and all who were suspected of Confederate allegiance; it was where Nathaniel Lyon defeated Earl Van Dorn and Sterling Price in decisive engagements, earning a name for himself and foreshadowing his legacy as one of the great generals of the Civil War; and it was where Hickok would earn fame as a legend in American cultural history in his own right.

Before he joined the Union Army, in 1860, he served the Waddell & Majors Freight Company, which operated on the plains and desert of the Far West. One day, while riding on the engine of one of the trains, he noticed that the path had become obstructed by a large bear and her two cubs. Hickok -- who had already adopted the moniker of "Wild Bill" -- stepped off the train, approached the bears, and fired his revolver at the mother bear's head. The bullet did little damage and only angered her; she charged, pushed Hickok onto the ground, and pounded his chest with her legs, crushing several ribs and causing damage to his organs. He fired a second shot, wounding the bear in the paw, before she then injured his arm and shoulder. She grabbed the shattered arm with her mouth -- threatening to shred it to pieces or even tear it off -- but was stopped and killed when he unsheathed his knife and slit her throat. He was so badly injured that he required over four months to recover, and even then not fully. But the first of his legendary encounters with the West had passed.

After the election of George Pendleton and Daniel Voorhees, with the Civil War all but ended amid a general armistice, Hickok found himself in Springfield, Missouri. He struggled to find an income, and made what money he could off of gambling, which he was particularly adept at. It was here that he encountered for the first time an Arkansas man by the name of Davis Tutt, who had served as an infantryman in the 27th Arkansas Infantry during the campaigns in Missouri and Arkansas. The two became acquaintances and gambled often together throughout that summer. While Tutt planned on eventually moving further West, Hickok had little plans for his future. Though a Unionist and a Confederate, they avoided talking politics and war and found a sort of camaraderie in the exchange of money and drink. This was not to last.

Hickok frequently found himself indebted to Tutt due to his rough lifestyle and lack of consistent and dependable income. There were further problems over the two men flirting and engaging in relations with each other's preferred women of the town; at one point, it was rumored they were both sleeping with each other's lovers. Whatever semblance of friendship between the two quickly disappeared as Tutt became more and more infuriated with Hickok's inconsistent reliability in paying his debts while remaining a good poker player. In early July, while encouraging other poker players with tips and money to beat Hickok in a game, Tutt demanded Hickok pay back fully on a $40 debt he had incurred some time back. Hickok, performing well in the game, immediately paid the debt up-front. Tutt then asked him to repay a second debt, of $35. Hickok flaunted a piece of paper from his pocket -- "I think you are wrong, Dave. It's only twenty-five Dollars. I have a memorandum in my pocket." The two then began to argue over the purported $10 difference. Amid the rise of emotions, Tutt took the opportunity to humiliate Hickok, stealing his golden pocket watch which was laid out on the table. Hickok could not fight Tutt for its possession -- the saloon was filled with several of Tutt's friends, all of them armed -- and remained humiliated over his taking the watch as collateral.

Over the next several days Tutt's friends would taunt and follow Hickok about the possession of the watch, looking to egg him on into drawing his weapon, in which case he would be gunned down. On 20 July, Hickok -- infuriated about the situation -- was notified by one of Tutt's friends that he intended on wearing his pocket watch out in the town square for all to see the following day. "He shouldn't come across that square," Hickok retorted in anger, "unless dead man can walk." That night, he cleaned and loaded his pistol.

The following day Tutt came to the town square at 10am, brandishing proudly the stolen pocket watch. Soon, Hickok approached him, offering to pay the $25 he owed in return for the watch and a restitution of the honor of both men. Tutt no longer wanted $35 -- he wanted $45. Hickok, enraged, refused to acknowledge the $20 difference. Hickok left, only to come back later in the evening, finding Tutt again standing in the square with the pocket watch hanging from his shirt. Hickok, clearly armed, approached within about 200 feet, causing several nearby townspeople to run into nearby buildings in fear; others remained on the street, out of the way. Hickok called out, "Dave, here I am; don't you come across here with that watch." Tutt stood silently and did not respond; his hand rested on the revolver at his hip. Suddenly, Tutt reached for his pistol; but Hickok was the quicker draw of the two, and both had cleared their holsters about the same time. The two fired one shot each -- too rapidly for any witnesses to determine who actually fired first -- but within seconds, as the smoke cleared, Hickok was revealed to be standing alert in his boots, with Tutt yelping in surprise. He then called out, as he ran to the porch of the courthouse, "Boys, I'm killed." He stumbled back onto the street but quickly collapsed, and there he died.

Hickok was arrested three days later for the manslaughter of Davis Tutt. Some twenty witnesses came to the stand; only four had actually seen the duel. There was no consensus on who shot first; some even said that Tutt did not fire at all, the two shots being so close together. It was determined that Tutt had fired at least one round, as his pistol was empty two cartridges (it was tradition to leave one chamber empty at all times, so as to prevent misfires and potential accidental self-injury; thus Tutt's revolver was found with one chamber having already been emptied, and another having fired a round). Hickok's claim of self-defense was upheld by the jury, despite the circumstances of the fight invalidating that defense under state law, as Hickok had come to the square the second time expecting a fight.

With Hickok acquitted, he was left to live the remainder of his life in the West. The result of the duel and his acquittal was twofold: a legend of the American Frontier, Wild Bill Hickok, was born; and so, too, was the great legend of the Wild West and its shootouts. The Hickok-Tutt fight was one of the few documented shootouts done in the traditional Hollywood fashion, but the legend had already been created, and could not be undone.

99KingHigh · Jul 4, 2017

The Honorable
Samuel J. Randall
Secretary of the Treasury
Treasury Building

1500 Pennsylvania, Ave
Washington, D.C

Dear Mr. Secretary,

I am pleased to inform you that as of August 17 Her Majesty's Government has retired the abeyance on the purchase of securities, sovereign treasury bonds, and other instruments of exchange between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Mr. Secretary, the desideratum for an unbated transaction of guarantees, collaterals, sureties, pledges, and bond between our two countries impresses upon my Government to inquire whether the interest rates for the return on treasury bonds, given the expected temperance from the necessitation of wartime internal duties, will be risen, and whether the Treasury Department would be willing to provide the Exchequer, for dissemination by Her Majesty's Government to the relevant personas, the directory of treasury bond offerings for consideration by the Exchequer.

Sincerely,

Chancellor of the Exchequer

Julius Maximus · Jul 4, 2017

Kingdom of Prussia

Public Statement from Minister-President Otto von Bismarck

In light of the signing of the Treaty of Manassas and the new reality brought upon the North American continent, on behalf of His Majesty Wilhelm I and the Prussian government, we hereby officially recognize the Confederate States of America as a sovereign state. We hope for cordial relations with the Confederate States going forward, and shall hope the brutal conflict that has engulfed North America shall finally be resolved and peace reign into the future.

Minister-President of Prussia

99KingHigh · Jul 4, 2017

Dear Mr. President, Mr. Secretary Memminger, and Mr. Secretary Benjamin,

Allow me first to extend my sincerest congratulations on the Recognition of your Government on behalf of the Powers of Europe, and by association of my person, the Government of Her Majesty, the Queen. The relations between our two Countries has endured their considerable share of turbulence, but I have no reservation that the Confederate people look upon the subjects of Her Majesty with the same amicable disposition that Her Majesty's Government views with the citizenry of the Southern republic. It is by the motivation of my appointment, and by confidence of Her Majesty, the Queen, that the Sovereign herself wishes to present with the deepest sincerity the happy attainment of free relations with the Confederate States of America. The merits and virtues of our confidences have always been exerted with the prosecution of peace in the North American continent, and we are so very much optimistic to see such continental tranquility finally attained.

My government has no reservations that there are an innumerable amount of points of bilateral interest that must be resolved in happy confidence between our two countries. For the moment, however, I must insist upon a matter of indisputable relevance to the Present pecuniary situation of the Confederate States of America and Her Majesty’s Exchequer. It is the belief of Her Majesty's Government, considering the current economy of the Confederate States of America, and indeed, the traditional economy of the Southern Republic, that in order to avert the despotic approach of taxes, or worse yet, the destructive imposition of import and export duties, that the Confederate States of America should oblige a running credit to secure the confidence of your planters and the necessitations of state administration. With regard to the creditory status of the nation and the states—established by principle and virtue during the war against the United States of America—the Exchequer holds in the total £13 billion (statbucks) of Confederate debts on behalf of Her Majesty's Government. The Treasury will retire the abeyance on the purchase of securities, sovereign treasury bonds, and other instruments of exchange if the Confederate States of America will oblige this aforementioned debt. With regard to the payment of this exchange, necessary for the sound establishment of Confederate credit, His Majesty's Government is prepared to offer an extremely generous restructuring, whereby the interest and value of the bonds would be divided into three categories; the first category for stretched repayment onto completion in thirty-five years; the second category in fourty; the third category in fifty.

For capital in the repayment of this regard of the owned debt, the instruments of London, by virtue of the retirement of the abeyance on Confederate lending, will be at your discretion to continue the running credit. I have also been authorized by the Chancellor of the Exchequer to inform the Treasury of the Confederate States of America that my brother, Nathan Mayer Rothschild, Baron de Rothschild on the security of the Government of Her Majesty, the Queen, will be prepared to offer to the Treasury an immediate loan for the indemnification of the United States of America as stipulated in Articles 5 and Articles 6 of the Treaty of Manassas upon the recognition of the debt owned by the Exchequer, and on return interest stipends of ten years. We pray you consider these propositions, and inaugurate happy relations with Her Majesty's Government.

Sincerely,
Sir Anthony de Rothschild, 1st Baronet
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Confederate States of America.

Korona · Jul 4, 2017

The Rise of Kōbu Gattai

Sonnō Jōi found itself strengthened by almost a thousandfold after the 'successful' defence of Kagoshima. More and more rōnin flocked to the banner of Emperor Kōmei and Mōri Takachika, the daimyō of the Chōshū domain. The Battle of Kagoshima convinced those anti-Shogunate samurai who still doubted the effectiveness of the sonnō jōi movement to throw their doubts aside, and to join the Emperor in his fight against the Westerners. With the influx of new adherents, new ideas began to coagulate in the sonnō jōi camp, most noticeably the birth of a pro-modernization faction lead by Hirata Atsutane, a samurai from the Satsuma domain. Although looked down upon by the majority of the sonnō jōi movement, especially by it's leaders, the presence of such a faction was undeniably important.

The Battle of Kagoshima also saw the meteoric rise of the kōbu gattai movement, which was the chief political and idealogical opponent to sonnō jōi. Instead of advocating for a Imperial-lead Japan that rejected modernization, kōbu gattai advocated for unity and reconciliation between the Imperial House of Japan and the Shogunate. The ascension of Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi and his subsequent marriage to Princess Chikako, Emperor Kōmei's sister, solidified kōbu gattai as the preeminent political policy of the Shogunate. Soon, the a faction in favor modernization began to take form within the kōbu gattai movement, lead by the commander of the Imperial Palace's guards and guardian of the young Shogun Iemochi, Tokugawa Yoshinobu. Yoshinobu, along with Oguri Tadamasa, the de facto minister of war for the Shogunate, advocated and pushed for the modernization of the Shogunate's military forces. Understanding that a war with any Western power would result in a humiliating defeat, Yoshinobu and Tadamas knew that only through modernization could Japan survive. Thus, the two camps were firmly set, and Japan was primed for a new era of clearly defined conflict.

Frymonmon · Jul 4, 2017

BE ADVISED

We are going to try a one weekly update schedule.

ORDERS ARE DUE TOMORROW, 05 JULY 2017 BY NOON EASTERN.

Frymonmon · Jul 4, 2017

HIS MAJESTY
Don Carlos, Duke of Madrid
Carlos María de los Dolores Juan Isidro José Francisco Quirico Antonio Miguel Gabriel Rafael

Cardinal Wiseman,

I have received your letter warmly. The issues with my father stem from the errant notion of his idea of Government. The protection of the Conservative establishments are paramount to the future of Spain, should he agree to the protection of the Church, of Nobility and Land, and to stand as the bulwark against the rising ride of Radical Liberalism. Should he affirm this, I shall not consider him in abdication of his duties as King of Spain. Should he persist in not offering this protection, I can do nothing but consider him to have renounced the Crown, meaning it falls to myself to protect these sacred Establishments.

In Christ,
Don Carlos, Duke of Madrid

99KingHigh · Jul 4, 2017

DECLARATION OF OF AMNESTY

All citizens of the Empire of Mexico, conducted in an illegitimate and treacherous insurrection Against the Emperor of Mexico, shall be offered, for the period of thirty-days, an absolute amnesty for participation in the Rebellion against His Imperial Majesty, Agustin II, By the Grace of God, the Emperor of Mexico, etc and the Coalition forces, acting under the prerogative of Her Majesty Victoria, By the Grace of God, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Defender of the Faith.

This Provision of good will and Graciousness shall extend to all Persons, with exception of the central Leadership of the rebellion, stipulated in supplementary documents.

Mikkel Glahder · Jul 4, 2017

Proclamation from the Office of the President of Chile

As the Confederate States of America, and the United States of America, both has signed the Treaty of Manassas and thusly recognized the Confederate States of America as an independent and sovereign state, the Republic of Chile will therefore officially recognize the Confederate States of America as such, and begin the necessarry diplomatic steps to regular, and normal relations with the Confederate States of America.

Signed
~ José Joaquín Pérez Mascayano, President of Chile

KeldoniaSkylar · Jul 4, 2017

In Response to Offer of Mediation by Her Britannic Majesty's Government,

The Sublime Porte believes in the principle of negotiations and diplomacy, though it has become increasingly clear that the French operate through diktat and are actively working against the will of the Concert of Europe. Indeed the French Empire has not only abrogated its responsibilities under the settlement of 1840 in regards to Eyalet-i Mısr, and again the guarantees offered under the Treaty of Paris that concluded the Crimean War. It is also of note that the French Empire not only did not declare war against the Porte, it argued that it was intervening on the behalf of the Porte, a blatant falsehood. In regards to the French claim, we will allow a neutral party access to the Imperial Records where no record of the supposed correspondence will be found.

The French assertion that the Porte has engaged in bribery and threats against the them is similarly false, the Porte interested in seeing the restoration of the status quo, offered the French restitution for their "service", and restoration of the province. The French only responded with arrogance and an apparent inability to countenance any fair resolution to the situation asked what actions the Porte could take to remove the undesired French force, the Porte enumerated its options to end the illegal occupation conducted under false pretenses by the French. This was not a threat merely an enumeration of options.(OOC: nor intended as IC, which is broader discussion that should occur). The French (OOC: if my OOC is IC for this so is yours) responded to this enumeration with threats of invasion

Thus though interested in a mediated negotiated settlement, the Porte must enter state it has extreme reservations. Particularly as the current proposal by the French is nothing but a fig leaf for blatant thievery, a direct attack against its ally, and a clear disruption of the Concert of Europe. Thus the Porte will agree to the kind mediation of Her Britannic Majesty's representative with the following reservations:

Eyalet-i Mısr is a part of the Ottoman Empire, with His Imperial Majesty, the Sultan the suzerain lord
The Wali of the Eyalet is to be confirmed by the Sultan
His Imperial Majesty, the Sultan, through his office as the Caliph of the Islamic faith remains the religious head and retains full religious authority, similarly the office of Sheikh ul-Islam being similarly respected in this manner
The Eyalet must continue its payment of annual tribute to the Porte following that the position of Wali is connected to such payment
There shall be no customs or tariff border between the Eyalet and the Ottoman Empire, the Eyalet shall remain under the strictures of the Porte in this regard
The Ottoman Imperial Army is permitted to transit the Eyalet whilst moving between the territories of the Ottoman Empire
Similarly, the ports shall allow the hosting of the Ottoman Imperial Navy
The French Empire must withdraw the majority of its forces from the Eyalet
The Porte shall be allowed direct communication with its people and the Wali in particular
An Ottoman official shall be present in the court of the Wali
This list may be revised and added to during the course of negotiations

Again, the Porte is thankful to the United Kingdom for their kind offer of mediation, their resolute determination to uphold the Concert of Europe, aiding in the defusing of hostilities. The Porte is grateful for such a strong resolute ally in this times when Europe seems to lurch from crisis to crisis.

~ Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire

((Phone post, will update when back on a computer))

99KingHigh · Jul 5, 2017

The Constitution Act, 1866
(THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT, 1866)
[Received royal assent on the 29th Day of March, in the Year of our Lord, 1866]

30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3.

[Consolidated with amendments]
An Act for the Union of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and the Government thereof; and for Purposes connected therewith.

I. PRELIMINARY
1. This Act may be cited as the Constitution Act 1867.
2. The Provisions of this Act referring to Her Majesty the Queen extend also to the Heirs and Successors of Her Majesty, Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

II. Union

3. It shall be lawful for the Queen, by and with the Advice of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, to declare by Proclamation that, on and after a Day therein appointed, not being more than Six Months after the passing of this Act, the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, and New Brunswick, shall form and be One Kingdom under the Name of Canada; and on and after that Day those Six Provinces shall form and be One Kingdom under that Name accordingly.

4. Unless it is otherwise expressed or implied, the Name Canada shall be taken to mean Canada as constituted under this Act.

5. Canada shall be divided into Seven Provinces, named Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia.

6. The Parts of the Province of Canada (as it exists at the passing of this Act) which formerly constituted respectively the Provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada shall be deemed to be severed, and shall form Two separate Provinces. The Part which formerly constituted the Province of Upper Canada shall constitute the Province of Ontario; and the Part which formerly constituted the Province of Lower Canada shall constitute the Province of Quebec

7. The Provinces of Nova Scotia, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, and New Brunswick, shall have the same Limits as at the passing of this Act.

8. In the general Census of the Population of Canada which is hereby required to be taken in the Year One thousand eight hundred and seventy, and in every Tenth Year thereafter, the respective Populations of the Four Provinces shall be distinguished.

III. Executive Power

9. The Executive Government and Authority of and over Canada is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen.

10. The Provisions of this Act referring to the Regent-General extend and apply to the Regent-General for the Time being of Canada, or other the Chief Executive Officer or Administrator for the Time being carrying on the Government of Canada on behalf and in the Name of the Queen, by whatever Title he is designated.

11. There shall be a Council to aid and advise in the Government of Canada, to be styled the Queen's Privy Council for Canada; and the Persons who are to be Members of that Council shall be from Time to Time chosen and summoned by the Regent-General and sworn in as Privy Councillors, and Members thereof may be from Time to Time removed by the Regent-General.

12. All Powers, Authorities, and Functions which under any Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, or of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or of the Legislature of Upper Canada, Lower Canada, Canada, Nova Scotia, or New Brunswick, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland at the Union vested in or exerciseable by the respective Governors or Lieutenant Governors of those Provinces, with the Advice, or with the Advice and Consent, of the respective Executive Councils thereof, or in conjunction with those Councils, or with any Number of Members thereof, or by those Governors or Lieutenant Governors individually, shall, as far as the same continue in existence and capable of being exercised after the Union in relation to the Government of Canada, be vested in and exerciseable by the Regent-General, with the Advice or with the Advice and Consent of or in conjunction with the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, or any Members thereof, or by the Regent-General individually, as the Case requires, subject nevertheless (except with respect to such as exist under Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain or of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) to be abolished or altered by the Parliament of Canada.

13. The Provisions of this Act referring to the Regent-General in Council shall be construed as referring to the Regent-General acting by and with the Advice of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada.

14. It shall be lawful for the Queen, if Her Majesty thinks fit, to authorize the Regent-General from Time to Time to appoint any Person or any Persons jointly or severally to be his Deputy or Deputies within any Part or Parts of Canada, and in that Capacity to exercise during the Pleasure of the Regent-General such of the Powers, Authorities, and Functions of the Regent-General as the Regent-General deems it necessary or expedient to assign to him or them, subject to any Limitations or Directions expressed or given by the Queen; but the Appointment of such a Deputy or Deputies shall not affect the Exercise by the Regent-General himself of any Power, Authority, or Function.

15. The Command-in-Chief of the Land and Naval Militia, and of all Naval and Military Forces, of and in Canada, is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen.

16. Until the Queen otherwise directs, the Seat of Government of Canada shall be Ottawa.

17. There shall be One Parliament for Canada, consisting of the Queen, an Upper House styled the Senate, and the House of Commons.

IV. Legislative Power

18. The Privileges, Immunities, and Powers to be held, enjoyed, and exercised by the Senate and by the House of Commons and by the Members thereof respectively shall be such as are from Time to Time defined by Act of the Parliament of Canada, but so that the same shall never exceed those at the passing of this Act held, enjoyed, and exercised by the Commons House of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and by the Members thereof.

19. The Parliament of Canada shall be called together not later than Six Months after the Union.

20. There shall be a Session of the Parliament of Canada once at least in every Year, so that Twelve Months shall not intervene between the last Sitting of the Parliament in one Session and its first Sitting in the next Session.

21. The Senate shall, subject to the Provisions of this Act, consist of Seventy-two Members, who shall be styled Senators.

22. In relation to the Constitution of the Senate, Canada shall be deemed to consist of Five Divisions:

Ontario;
Quebec;
British Columbia
Newfoundland
The Maritime Provinces, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island; which Five Divisions shall (subject to the Provisions of this Act) be equally represented in the Senate as follows: Ontario by Twenty-eight Senators; Quebec by Twenty-eight Senators; Newfoundland by Twelve Senators; British Columbia Four; and the Maritime Provinces by Twenty-eight Senators, Twelve thereof representing Nova Scotia, Twelve thereof representing New Brunswick, and four thereof representing Prince Edward Island.

In the Case of Quebec each of the Twenty-eight Senators representing that Province shall be appointed for One of the Twenty-four Electoral Divisions of Lower Canada specified in Schedule A. to Chapter One of the Consolidated Statutes of Canada.
23. The Qualifications of a Senator shall be as follows:

(1.) He shall be of the full Age of Thirty Years:
(2.) He shall be either a Natural-born Subject of the Queen, or a Subject of the Queen naturalized by an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, or of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or of the Legislature of One of the Provinces of Upper Canada, Lower Canada, Canada, Nova Scotia, or New Brunswick, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland, before the Union, or of the Parliament of Canada after the Union:
(3.) He shall be legally or equitably seised as of Freehold for his own Use and Benefit of Lands or Tenements held in Free and Common Socage, or seised or possessed for his own Use and Benefit of Lands or Tenements held in Franc-alleu or in Roture, within the Province for which he is appointed, of the Value of Four thousand Dollars, over and above all Rents, Dues, Debts, Charges, Mortgages, and Incumbrances due or payable out of or charged on or affecting the same:
(4.) His Real and Personal Property shall be together worth Four thousand Dollars over and above his Debts and Liabilities:
(5.) He shall be resident in the Province for which he is appointed:
(6.) In the Case of Quebec he shall have his Real Property Qualification in the Electoral Division for which he is appointed, or shall be resident in that Division.

24. The Regent-General shall from Time to Time, in the Queen's Name, by Instrument under the Great Seal of Canada, summon qualified Persons to the Senate; and, subject to the Provisions of this Act, every Person so summoned shall become and be a Member of the Senate and a Senator.
25. Such Persons shall be first summoned to the Senate as the Queen by Warrant under Her Majesty's Royal Sign Manual thinks fit to approve, and their Names shall be inserted in the Queen's Proclamation of Union.
26. If at any Time on the Recommendation of the Regent-General the Queen thinks fit to direct that Three or Six Members be added to the Senate, the Regent-General may by Summons to Three or Six qualified Persons (as the Case may be), representing equally the Four Divisions of Canada, add to the Senate accordingly.

27. In case of such Addition being at any Time made, the Regent General shall not summon any Person to the Senate, except on a further like Direction by the Queen on the like Recommendation, until Quebec, Ontario, and the Maritime Provinces of Canada are represented by Twenty-eight Senators and no more, with the same application to Newfoundland of Twelve, and British Columbia of Four.

28. The Number of Senators shall not at any Time exceed One-Hundred.

29. A Senator shall, subject to the Provisions of this Act, hold his Place in the Senate for Life.

30. A Senator may by Writing under his Hand addressed to the Regent General resign his Place in the Senate, and thereupon the same shall be vacant.

31. The Place of a Senator shall become vacant in any of the following Cases:

(1.) If for Two consecutive Sessions of the Parliament he fails to give his Attendance in the Senate:
(2.) If he takes an Oath or makes a Declaration or Acknowledgment of Allegiance, Obedience, or Adherence to a Foreign Power, or does an Act whereby he becomes a Subject or Citizen, or entitled to the Rights or Privileges of a Subject or Citizen, of a Foreign Power:
(3.) If he is adjudged Bankrupt or Insolvent, or applies for the Benefit of any Law relating to Insolvent Debtors, or becomes a public Defaulter:
(4.) If he is attainted of Treason or convicted of Felony or of any infamous Crime:
(5.) If he ceases to be qualified in respect of Property or of Residence; provided, that a Senator shall not be deemed to have ceased to be qualified in respect of Residence by reason only of his residing at the Seat of the Government of Canada while holding an Office under that Government requiring his Presence there.

32. When a Vacancy happens in the Senate by Resignation, Death, or otherwise, the Regent General shall by Summons to a fit and qualified Person fill the Vacancy.

33. If any Question arises respecting the Qualification of a Senator or a Vacancy in the Senate the same shall be heard and determined by the Senate.

34. The Regent General may from Time to Time, by Instrument under the Great Seal of Canada, appoint a Senator to be Speaker of the Senate, and may remove him and appoint another in his Stead.
35. Until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, the Presence of at least Twenty-Five Senators, including the Speaker, shall be necessary to constitute a Meeting of the Senate for the Exercise of its Powers.

36. Questions arising in the Senate shall be decided by a Majority of Voices, and the Speaker shall in all Cases have a Vote, and when the Voices are equal the Decision shall be deemed to be in the Negative.

The House of Commons.

37. The House of Commons shall, subject to the Provisions of this Act, consist of One hundred and ninety-eight Members, of whom Eighty-two shall be elected for Ontario, Sixty-five for Quebec, Nineteen for Nova Scotia, Fifteen for New Brunswick, Eight for Newfoundland, Five for Prince Edward Island, and Four for British Columbia.
38. The Regent General shall from Time to Time, in the Queen's Name, by Instrument under the Great Seal of Canada, summon and call together the House of Commons.
39. A Senator shall not be capable of being elected or of sitting or voting as a Member of the House of Commons.
40. Until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia, shall, for the Purposes of the Election of Members to serve in the House of Commons, be divided into Electoral Districts as follows:

1. — ONTARIO.
Ontario shall be divided into the Counties, Ridings of Counties, Cities, Parts of Cities, and Towns enumerated in the First Schedule to this Act, each whereof shall be an Electoral District, each such District as numbered in that Schedule being entitled to return One Member. The City of New Baltimore, the city of Toronto, and the City of Ottawa shall be entitled two return Two Members.

2. — QUEBEC.
Quebec shall be divided into Sixty-five Electoral Districts, composed of the Sixty-five Electoral Divisions into which Lower Canada is at the passing of this Act divided under Chapter Two of the Consolidated Statutes of Canada, Chapter Seventy-five of the Consolidated Statutes for Lower Canada, and the Act of the Province of Canada of the Twenty-third Year of the Queen, Chapter One, or any other Act amending the same in force at the Union, so that each such Electoral Division shall be for the Purposes of this Act an Electoral District entitled to return One Member.

3. — NOVA SCOTIA.
Each of the Eighteen Counties of Nova Scotia shall be an Electoral District. The County of Halifax shall be entitled to return Two Members, and each of the other Counties One Member.

4. — NEW BRUNSWICK.
Each of the Fourteen Counties into which New Brunswick is divided, including the City and County of St. John, shall be an Electoral District; The City of St. John shall also be a separate Electoral District. Each of those Fifteen Electoral Districts shall be entitled to return One Member.

5. — NEWFOUNDLAND.
Each of the Eight Counties into which Newfoundland is divided, including the City and County of Saint Johns, shall be an Electoral District; The City of Saint Johns shall also be a separate Electoral District. Each of those Eight Electoral Districts shall be entitled to return One Member.

6. — PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.
Each of the Five Counties into which Prince Edward Island is divided, including the City and County of Charlottetown, shall be an Electoral District; The City of Charlottetown shall also be a separate Electoral District. Each of those Five Electoral Districts shall be entitled to return One Member.

7. — BRITISH COLUMBIA
Each of the Four Counties into which British Columbia is divided, including the City and County of Victoria, and the City and County of New Westminster shall be an Electoral District; The City of Victoria shall also be a separate Electoral District, as shall the City of New Westminster. Each of those Five Electoral Districts shall be entitled to return One Member.

41. Until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, all Laws in force in the several Provinces at the Union relative to the following Matters or any of them, namely,--the Qualifications and Disqualifications of Persons to be elected or to sit or vote as Members of the House of Assembly or Legislative Assembly in the several Provinces, the Voters at Elections of such Members, the Oaths to be taken by Voters, the Returning Officers, their Powers and Duties, the Proceedings at Elections, the Periods during which Elections may be continued, the Trial of controverted Elections, and Proceedings incident thereto, the vacating of Seats of Members, and the Execution of new Writs in case of Seats vacated otherwise than by Dissolution,--shall respectively apply to Elections of Members to serve in the House of Commons for the same several Provinces.

Provided that, until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, at any Election for a Member of the House of Commons for the District of Algoma, in addition to Persons qualified by the Law of the Province of Canada to vote, every Male British Subject, aged Twenty-one Years or upwards, being a Householder, shall have a Vote.

42. For the First Election of Members to serve in the House of Commons the Regent General shall cause Writs to be issued by such Person, in such Form, and addressed to such Returning Officers as he thinks fit.

The Person issuing Writs under this Section shall have the like Powers as are possessed at the Union by the Officers charged with the issuing of Writs for the Election of Members to serve in the respective House of Assembly or Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, or New Brunswick; and the Returning Officers to whom Writs are directed under this Section shall have the like Powers as are possessed at the Union by the Officers charged with the returning of Writs for the Election of Members to serve in the same respective House of Assembly or Legislative Assembly.

43. In case a Vacancy in the Representation in the House of Commons of any Electoral District happens before the Meeting of the Parliament, or after the Meeting of the Parliament before Provision is made by the Parliament in this Behalf, the Provisions of the last foregoing Section of this Act shall extend and apply to the issuing and returning of a Writ in respect of such Vacant District.

44. The House of Commons on its first assembling after a General Election shall proceed with all practicable Speed to elect One of its Members to be Speaker.

45. In case of a Vacancy happening in the Office of Speaker by Death, Resignation, or otherwise, the House of Commons shall with all practicable Speed proceed to elect another of its Members to be Speaker.

46. The Speaker shall preside at all Meetings of the House of Commons.

47. Until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, in case of the Absence for any Reason of the Speaker from the Chair of the House of Commons for a Period of Forty-eight consecutive Hours, the House may elect another of its Members to act as Speaker, and the Member so elected shall during the Continuance of such Absence of the Speaker have and execute all the Powers, Privileges, and Duties of Speaker.

48. The Presence of at least Twenty Members of the House of Commons shall be necessary to constitute a Meeting of the House for the Exercise of its Powers; and for that Purpose the Speaker shall be reckoned as a Member.

49. Questions arising in the House of Commons shall be decided by a Majority of Voices other than that of the Speaker, and when the Voices are equal, but not otherwise, the Speaker shall have a Vote.

50. Every House of Commons shall continue for Five Years from the Day of the Return of the Writs for choosing the House (subject to be sooner dissolved by the Regent General), and no longer.

51. On the Completion of the Census in the Year One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, and of each subsequent decennial Census, the Representation of the Five Provinces shall be readjusted by such Authority, in such Manner, and from such Time, as the Parliament of Canada from Time to Time provides, subject and according to the following Rules:--

(1.) Quebec shall have the fixed Number of Sixty-five Members:
(2.) There shall be assigned to each of the other Provinces such a Number of Members as will bear the same Proportion to the Number of its Population (ascertained at such Census) as the Number Sixty-five bears to the Number of the Population of Quebec (so ascertained):
(3.) In the Computation of the Number of Members for a Province a fractional Part not exceeding One Half of the whole Number requisite for entitling the Province to a Member shall be disregarded; but a fractional Part exceeding One Half of that Number shall be equivalent to the whole Number:
(4.) On any such Re-adjustment the Number of Members for a Province shall not be reduced unless the Proportion which the Number of the Population of the Province bore to the Number of the aggregate Population of Canada at the then last preceding Re-adjustment of the Number of Members for the Province is ascertained at the then latest Census to be diminished by One Twentieth Part or upwards:
(5.) Such Re-adjustment shall not take effect until the Termination of the then existing Parliament.

52. The Number of Members of the House of Commons may be from Time to Time increased by the Parliament of Canada, provided the proportionate Representation of the Provinces prescribed by this Act is not thereby disturbed.

Money Votes; Royal Assent

53. Bills for appropriating any Part of the Public Revenue, or for imposing any Tax or Impost, shall originate in the House of Commons.

54. It shall not be lawful for the House of Commons to adopt or pass any Vote, Resolution, Address, or Bill for the Appropriation of any Part of the Public Revenue, or of any Tax or Impost, to any Purpose that has not been first recommended to that House by Message of the Regent General in the Session in which such Vote, Resolution, Address, or Bill is proposed.

55. Where a Bill passed by the Houses of the Parliament is presented to the Regent General for the Queen's Assent, he shall declare, according to his Discretion, but subject to the Provisions of this Act and to Her Majesty's Instructions, either that he assents thereto in the Queen's Name, or that he withholds the Queen's Assent, or that he reserves the Bill for the Signification of the Queen's Pleasure.

56. Where the Regent General assents to a Bill in the Queen's Name, he shall by the first convenient Opportunity send an authentic Copy of the Act to One of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State, and if the Queen in Council within Two Years after Receipt thereof by the Secretary of State thinks fit to disallow the Act, such Disallowance (with a Certificate of the Secretary of State of the Day on which the Act was received by him) being signified by the Regent General, by Speech or Message to each of the Houses of the Parliament or by Proclamation, shall annul the Act from and after the Day of such Signification.

57. A Bill reserved for the Signification of the Queen's Pleasure shall not have any Force unless and until within Two Years from the Day on which it was presented to the Regent General for the Queen's Assent, the Regent General signifies, by Speech or Message to each of the Houses of the Parliament or by Proclamation, that it has received the Assent of the Queen in Council.

An Entry of every such Speech, Message, or Proclamation shall be made in the Journal of each House, and a Duplicate thereof duly attested shall be delivered to the proper Officer to be kept among the Records of Canada.

V. — PROVINCIAL CONSTITUTIONS.

Executive Power.

58. For each Province there shall be an Officer, styled the Lieutenant Governor, appointed by the Regent General in Council by Instrument under the Great Seal of Canada.r

59. A Lieutenant Governor shall hold Office during the Pleasure of the Regent General; but any Lieutenant Governor appointed after the Commencement of the First Session of the Parliament of Canada shall not be removeable within Five Years from his Appointment, except for Cause assigned, which shall be communicated to him in Writing within One Month after the Order for his Removal is made, and shall be communicated by Message to the Senate and to the House of Commons within One Week thereafter if the Parliament is then sitting, and if not then within One Week after the Commencement of the next Session of the Parliament.

60. The Salaries of the Lieutenant Governors shall be fixed and provided by the Parliament of Canada.

61. Every Lieutenant Governor shall, before assuming the Duties of his Office, make and subscribe before the Regent General or some Person authorized by him Oaths of Allegiance and Office similar to those taken by the Regent General.

62. The Provisions of this Act referring to the Lieutenant Governor extend and apply to the Lieutenant Governor for the Time being of each Province or other the Chief Executive Officer or Administrator for the Time being carrying on the Government of the Province, by whatever Title he is designated.

63. The Executive Council of Ontario and of Quebec shall be composed of such Persons as the Lieutenant Governor from Time to Time thinks fit, and in the first instance of the following Officers, namely,--the Attorney General, the Secretary and Registrar of the Province, the Treasurer of the Province, the Commissioner of Crown Lands, and the Commissioner of Agriculture and Public Works, with in Quebec, the Speaker of the Legislative Council and the Solicitor General.

64. The Constitution of the Executive Authority in each of the Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, British Columbia, and Newfoundland shall, subject to the Provisions of this Act, continue as it exists at the Union until altered under the Authority of this Act.

65. All Powers, Authorities, and Functions which under any Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, or of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or of the Legislature of Upper Canada, Lower Canada, or Canada, were or are before or at the Union vested in or exerciseable by the respective Governors or Lieutenant Governors of those Provinces, with the Advice or with the Advice and Consent of the respective Executive Councils thereof, or in conjunction with those Councils, or with any Number of Members thereof, or by those Governors or Lieutenant Governors individually, shall, as far as the same are capable of being exercised after the Union in relation to the Government of Ontario and Quebec respectively, be vested in and shall or may be exercised by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario and Quebec respectively, with the Advice or with the Advice and Consent of or in conjunction with the respective Executive Councils, or any Members thereof, or by the Lieutenant Governor individually, as the Case requires, subject nevertheless (except with respect to such as exist under Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, or of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,) to be abolished or altered by the respective Legislatures of Ontario and Quebec.

66. The Provisions of this Act referring to the Lieutenant Governor in Council shall be construed as referring to the Lieutenant Governor of the Province acting by and with the Advice of the Executive Council thereof.

67. The Regent General in Council may from Time to Time appoint an Administrator to execute the Office and Functions of Lieutenant Governor during his Absence, Illness, or other Inability.

68. Unless and until the Executive Government of any Province otherwise directs with respect to that Province, the Seats of Government of the Provinces shall be as follows, namely,-- of Ontario, the City of Toronto; of Quebec, the City of Quebec; of Nova Scotia, the City of Halifax; and of New Brunswick, the City of Fredericton.

Legislative Power.

1. — ONTARIO

69. There shall be a Legislature for Ontario consisting of the Lieutenant Governor and of One House, styled the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.

70. The Legislative Assembly of Ontario shall be composed of Eighty-two Members, to be elected to represent the Eighty-two Electoral Districts set forth in the First Schedule to this Act.

2. — QUEBEC AND PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

71. There shall be Legislatures for Quebec and Prince Edward Island consisting of the Lieutenant Governor and of Two Houses, styled the Legislative Council of Quebec and the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, or the Legislative Council of Prince Edward Island, and the House of Assemblies of Prince Edward Island.

72. The Legislative Council of Quebec shall be composed of Twenty-four Members, to be appointed by the Lieutenant Governor in the Queen's Name, by Instrument under the Great Seal of Quebec, one being appointed to represent each of the Twenty-four Electoral Divisions of Lower Canada in this Act referred to, and each holding Office for the Term of his Life, unless the Legislature of Quebec otherwise provides under the Provisions of this Act. The Legislative Council of Prince Edward Island shall appoint Fifteen Members, to be appointed by the Lieutenant Governor in the Queen's Name, by Instrument under the Great Seal of Prince Edward Island, and each holding Office for the Term of his Life, unless the Legislature of Prince Edward Island otherwise provides under the Provisions of this Act.

73. The Qualifications of the Legislative Councillors of Quebec shall be the same as those of the Senators for Quebec, and the same for the Legislative Councillors of Prince Edward Island and the Senators for Prince Edward Island.

74. The Place of a Legislative Councillor of Quebec shall become vacant in the Cases, mutatis mutandis, in which the Place of Senator becomes vacant; this same rule shall apply to the Legislative Councillors of Prince Edward Island.

75. When a Vacancy happens in the Legislative Council of Quebec by Resignation, Death, or otherwise, the Lieutenant Governor, in the Queen's Name, by Instrument under the Great Seal of Quebec, shall appoint a fit and qualified Person to fill the Vacancy; this same rule shall apply to the Legislative Councillors of Prince Edward Island.

76. If any Question arises respecting the Qualification of a Legislative Councillor of Quebec, or a Vacancy in the Legislative Council of Quebec, the same shall be heard and determined by the Legislative Council; this same rule shall apply to the Legislative Councillors of Prince Edward Island.

77. The Lieutenant Governor may from Time to Time, by Instrument under the Great Seal of Quebec, appoint a Member of the Legislative Council of Quebec to be Speaker thereof, and may remove him and appoint another in his Stead; this same rule shall apply to the Legislative Councillors and Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island.

78. Until the Legislature of Quebec otherwise provides, the Presence of at least Six Members of the Legislative Council, including the Speaker, shall be necessary to constitute a Meeting for the Exercise of its Powers; this same rule shall apply to the Legislative Councillors of Prince Edward Island.

79. Questions arising in the Legislative Council of Quebec shall be decided by a Majority of Voices, and the Speaker shall in all Cases have a Vote, and when the Voices are equal the Decision shall be deemed to be in the Negative; this same rule shall apply to the Legislative Councillors of Prince Edward Island.

80. The Legislative Assembly of Quebec shall be composed of Sixty-five Members, to be elected to represent the Sixty-five Electoral Divisions or Districts of Lower Canada in this Act referred to, subject to Alteration thereof by the Legislature of Quebec: Provided that it shall not be lawful to present to the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec for Assent any Bill for altering the Limits of any of the Electoral Divisions or Districts mentioned in the Second Schedule to this Act, unless the Second and Third Readings of such Bill have been passed in the Legislative Assembly with the Concurrence of the Majority of the Members representing all those Electoral Divisions or Districts, and the Assent shall not be given to such Bill unless an Address has been presented by the Legislative Assembly to the Lieutenant Governor stating that it has been so passed.

The Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island shall be composed of Fifteen Members, and the terms of the previous paragraph shall be in application, with replacement of the terms of Quebec to that of Prince Edward Island.

3. — ONTARIO AND QUEBEC.

81. The Legislatures of Ontario and Quebec respectively shall be called together not later than Six Months after the Union.

82. The Lieutenant Governor of Ontario and of Quebec shall from Time to Time, in the Queen's Name, by Instrument under the Great Seal of the Province, summon and call together the Legislative Assembly of the Province.

83. Until the Legislature of Ontario or of Quebec otherwise provides, a Person accepting or holding in Ontario or in Quebec any Office, Commission, or Employment, permanent or temporary, at the Nomination of the Lieutenant Governor, to which an annual Salary, or any Fee, Allowance, Emolument, or Profit of any Kind or Amount whatever from the Province is attached, shall not be eligible as a Member of the Legislative Assembly of the respective Province, nor shall he sit or vote as such; but nothing in this Section shall make ineligible any Person being a Member of the Executive Council of the respective Province, or holding any of the following Offices, that is to say, the Offices of Attorney General, Secretary and Registrar of the Province, Treasurer of the Province, Commissioner of Crown Lands, and Commissioner of Agriculture and Public Works, and in Quebec Solicitor General, or shall disqualify him to sit or vote in the House for which he is elected, provided he is elected while holding such Office.

84. Until the Legislatures of Ontario and Quebec respectively otherwise provide, all Laws which at the Union are in force in those Provinces respectively, relative to the following Matters, or any of them, namely,--the Qualifications and Disqualifications of Persons to be elected or to sit or vote as Members of the Assembly of Canada, the Qualifications or Disqualifications of Voters, the Oaths to be taken by Voters, the Returning Officers, their Powers and Duties, the Proceedings at Elections, the Periods during which such Elections may be continued, and the Trial of controverted Elections and the Proceedings incident thereto, the vacating of the Seats of Members and the issuing and execution of new Writs in case of Seats vacated otherwise than by Dissolution,--shall respectively apply to Elections of Members to serve in the respective Legislative Assemblies of Ontario and Quebec.

Provided that, until the Legislature of Ontario otherwise provides, at any Election for a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario for the District of Algoma, in addition to Persons qualified by the Law of the Province of Canada to vote, every Male British Subject, aged Twenty-one Years or upwards, being a Householder, shall have a Vote.

85. Every Legislative Assembly of Ontario and every Legislative Assembly of Quebec shall continue for Four Years from the Day of the Return of the Writs for choosing the same (subject nevertheless to either the Legislative Assembly of Ontario or the Legislative Assembly of Quebec being sooner dissolved by the Lieutenant Governor of the Province), and no longer.

86. There shall be a Session of the Legislature of Ontario and of that of Quebec once at least in every Year, so that Twelve Months shall not intervene between the last Sitting of the Legislature in each Province in one Session and its first Sitting in the next Session.

87. The following Provisions of this Act respecting the House of Commons of Canada shall extend and apply to the Legislative Assemblies of Ontario and Quebec, that is to say,--the Provisions relating to the Election of a Speaker originally and on Vacancies, the Duties of the Speaker, the Absence of the Speaker, the Quorum, and the Mode of voting, as if those Provisions were here re-enacted and made applicable in Terms to each such Legislative Assembly.

4. — NOVA SCOTIA, NEW BRUNSWICK, NEWFOUNDLAND, AND BRITISH COLOMBIA.

88. The Constitution of the Legislature of each of the Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick shall, subject to the Provisions of this Act, continue as it exists at the Union until altered under the Authority of this Act; and the House of Assembly of New Brunswick existing at the passing of this Act shall, unless sooner dissolved, continue for the Period for which it was elected.

5. — ONTARIO, QUEBEC AND NOVA SCOTIA.

89. Each of the Lieutenant Governors of Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia shall cause Writs to be issued for the First Election of Members of the Legislative Assembly thereof in such Form and by such Person as he thinks fit, and at such Time and addressed to such Returning Officer as the Regent General directs, and so that the First Election of Member of Assembly for any Electoral District or any Subdivision thereof shall be held at the same Time and at the same Places as the Election for a Member to serve in the House of Commons of Canada for that Electoral District.

6. — THE FIVE PROVINCES.

90. The following Provisions of this Act respecting the Parliament of Canada, namely, -- the Provisions relating to Appropriation and Tax Bills, the Recommendation of Money Votes, the Assent to Bills, the Disallowance of Acts, and the Signification of Pleasure on Bills reserved,-- shall extend and apply to the Legislatures of the several Provinces as if those Provisions were here re-enacted and made applicable in Terms to the respective Provinces and the Legislatures thereof, with the Substitution of the Lieutenant Governor of the Province for the Regent General, of the Regent General for the Queen and for a Secretary of State, of One Year for Two Years, and of the Province for Canada.

VI. — DISTRIBUTION OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS.

Powers of the Parliament.

91. It shall be lawful for the Queen, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate and House of Commons, to make Laws for the Peace, Order, and good Government of Canada, in relation to all Matters not coming within the Classes of Subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the Legislatures of the Provinces; and for greater Certainty, but not so as to restrict the Generality of the foregoing Terms of this Section, it is hereby declared that (notwithstanding anything in this Act) the exclusive Legislative Authority of the Parliament of Canada extends to all Matters coming within the Classes of Subjects next hereinafter enumerated; that is to say, --

The Public Debt and Property.
The Regulation of Trade and Commerce.
The raising of Money by any Mode or System of Taxation.
The borrowing of Money on the Public Credit.
Postal Service.
The Census and Statistics.
Militia, Military and Naval Service, and Defence.
The fixing of and providing for the Salaries and Allowances of Civil and other Officers of the Government of Canada.
Beacons, Buoys, Lighthouses, and Sable Island.
Navigation and Shipping.
Quarantine and the Establishment and Maintenance of Marine Hospitals.
Sea Coast and Inland Fisheries.
Ferries between a Province and any British or Foreign Country or between Two Provinces.
Currency and Coinage.
Banking, Incorporation of Banks, and the Issue of Paper Money.
Savings Banks.
Weights and Measures.
Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes.
Interest.
Legal Tender.
Bankruptcy and Insolvency.
Patents of Invention and Discovery.
Copyrights.
Indians, and Lands reserved for the Indians.
Naturalization and Aliens.
Marriage and Divorce.
The Criminal Law, except the Constitution of Courts of Criminal Jurisdiction, but including the Procedure in Criminal Matters.
The Establishment, Maintenance, and Management of Penitentiaries.
Such Classes of Subjects as are expressly excepted in the Enumeration of the Classes of Subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the Legislatures of the Provinces.

And any Matter coming within any of the Classes of Subjects enumerated in this Section shall not be deemed to come within the Class of Matters of a local or private Nature comprised in the Enumeration of the Classes of Subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the Legislatures of the Provinces.

Exclusive Powers of Provincial Legislatures.

92. In each Province the Legislature may exclusively make Laws in relation to Matters coming within the Classes of Subjects next hereinafter enumerated, that is to say,

The Amendment from Time to Time, notwithstanding anything in this Act, of the Constitution of the Province, except as regards the Office of Lieutenant Governor.
Direct Taxation within the Province in order to the raising of a Revenue for Provincial Purposes.
The borrowing of Money on the sole Credit of the Province.
The Establishment and Tenure of Provincial Offices and the Appointment and Payment of Provincial Officers.
The Management and Sale of the Public Lands belonging to the Province and of the Timber and Wood thereon.
The Establishment, Maintenance, and Management of Public and Reformatory Prisons in and for the Province.
The Establishment, Maintenance, and Management of Hospitals, Asylums, Charities, and Eleemosynary Institutions in and for the Province, other than Marine Hospitals.
Municipal Institutions in the Province.
Shop, Saloon, Tavern, Auctioneer, and other Licences in order to the raising of a Revenue for Provincial, Local, or Muni-cipal Purposes.
Local Works and Undertakings other than such as are of the following Classes,--
1. Lines of Steam or other Ships, Railways, Canals, Telegraphs, and other Works and Undertakings connecting the Province with any other or others of the Provinces, or extending beyond the Limits of the Province:
2. Lines of Steam Ships between the Province and any British or Foreign Country:
3. Such Works as, although wholly situate within the Province, are before or after their Execution declared by the Parliament of Canada to be for the general Advantage of Canada or for the Advantage of Two or more of the Provinces.
The Incorporation of Companies with Provincial Objects.
The Solemnization of Marriage in the Province.
Property and Civil Rights in the Province.
The Administration of Justice in the Province, including the Constitution, Maintenance, and Organization of Provincial Courts, both of Civil and of Criminal Jurisdiction, and including Procedure in Civil Matters in those Courts.
The Imposition of Punishment by Fine, Penalty, or Imprisonment for enforcing any Law of the Province made in relation to any Matter coming within any of the Classes of Subjects enumerated in this Section.
Generally all Matters of a merely local or private Nature in the Province.

Education.

93. In and for each Province the Legislature may exclusively make Laws in relation to Education, subject and according to the following Provisions:

(1.) Nothing in any such Law shall prejudicially affect any Right or Privilege with respect to Denominational Schools which any Class of Persons have by Law in the Province at the Union:
(2.) All the Powers, Privileges, and Duties at the Union by Law conferred and imposed in Upper Canada on the Separate Schools and School Trustees of the Queen's Roman Catholic Subjects shall be and the same are hereby extended to the Dissentient Schools of the Queen's Protestant and Roman Catholic Subjects in Quebec:
(3.) Where in any Province a System of Separate or Dissentient Schools exists by Law at the Union or is thereafter established by the Legislature of the Province, an Appeal shall lie to the Regent General in Council from any Act or Decision of any Provincial Authority affecting any Right or Privilege of the Protestant or Roman Catholic Minority of the Queen's Subjects in relation to Education:
(4.) In case any such Provincial Law as from Time to Time seems to the Regent General in Council requisite for the due Execution of the Provisions of this Section is not made, or in case any Decision of the Regent General in Council on any Appeal under this Section is not duly executed by the proper Provincial Authority in that Behalf, then and in every such Case, and as far only as the Circumstances of each Case require, the Parliament of Canada may make remedial Laws for the due Execution of the Provisions of this Section and of any Decision of the Regent General in Council under this Section.

Uniformity of Laws in Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia.

94. Notwithstanding anything in this Act, the Parliament of Canada may make Provision for the Uniformity of all or any of the Laws relative to Property and Civil Rights in Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia, and of the Procedure of all or any of the Courts in those Three Provinces, and from and after the passing of any Act in that Behalf the Power of the Parliament of Canada to make Laws in relation to any Matter comprised in any such Act shall, notwithstanding anything in this Act, be unrestricted; but any Act of the Parliament of Canada making Provision for such Uniformity shall not have effect in any Province unless and until it is adopted and enacted as Law by the Legislature thereof.

Agriculture and Immigration.

95. In each Province the Legislature may make Laws in relation to Agriculture in the Province, and to Immigration into the Province; and it is hereby declared that the Parliament of Canada may from Time to Time make Laws in relation to Agriculture in all or any of the Provinces, and to Immigration into all or any of the Provinces; and any Law of the Legislature of a Province relative to Agriculture or to Immigration shall have effect in and for the Province as long and as far only as it is not repugnant to any Act of the Parliament of Canada.

VII. — JUDICATURE

96. The Regent General shall appoint the Judges of the Superior, District, and County Courts in each Province, except those of the Courts of Probate in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and British Columbia.

97. Until the Laws relative to Property and Civil Rights in Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and British Columbia and the Procedure of the Courts in those Provinces, are made uniform, the Judges of the Courts of those Provinces appointed by the Regent General shall be selected from the respective Bars of those Provinces.

98. The Judges of the Courts of Quebec shall be selected from the Bar of that Province.

99. The Judges of the Superior Courts shall hold office during good Behaviour, but shall be removable by the Regent General on Address of the Senate and House of Commons.

100. The Salaries, Allowances, and Pensions of the Judges of the Superior, District, and County Courts (except the Courts of Probate in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and British Columbia), and of the Admiralty Courts in Cases where the Judges thereof are for the Time being paid by Salary, shall be fixed and provided by the Parliament of Canada.

101. The Parliament of Canada may, notwithstanding anything in this Act, from Time to Time, provide for the Constitution, Maintenance, and Organization of a General Court of Appeal for Canada, and for the Establishment of any additional Courts for the better Administration of the Laws of Canada.

VIII. — REVENUES; DEBTS; ASSETS; TAXATION.

102. All Duties and Revenues over which the respective Legislatures of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick before and at the Union had and have Power of Appropriation, except such Portions thereof as are by this Act reserved to the respective Legislatures of the Provinces, or are raised by them in accordance with the special Powers conferred on them by this Act, shall form One Consolidated Revenue Fund, to be appropriated for the Public Service of Canada in the Manner and subject to the Charges in this Act provided.

103. The Consolidated Revenue Fund of Canada shall be permanently charged with the Costs, Charges, and Expenses incident to the Collection, Management, and Receipt thereof, and the same shall form the First Charge thereon, subject to be reviewed and audited in such Manner as shall be ordered by the Regent General in Council until the Parliament otherwise provides.

104. The annual Interest of the Public Debts of the several Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia at the Union shall form the Second Charge on the Consolidated Revenue Fund of Canada.

105. Unless altered by the Parliament of Canada, the Salary of the Regent General shall be Ten thousand Pounds Sterling Money of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, payable out of the Consolidated Revenue Fund of Canada, and the same shall form the Third Charge thereon.

106. Subject to the several Payments by this Act charged on the Consolidated Revenue Fund of Canada, the same shall be appropriated by the Parliament of Canada for the Public Service.

107. All Stocks, Cash, Banker's Balances, and Securities for Money belonging to each Province at the Time of the Union, except as in this Act mentioned, shall be the Property of Canada, and shall be taken in Reduction of the Amount of the respective Debts of the Provinces at the Union.

108. The Public Works and Property of each Province, enumerated in the Third Schedule to this Act, shall be the Property of Canada.

109. All Lands, Mines, Minerals, and Royalties belonging to the several Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia at the Union, and all Sums then due or payable for such Lands, Mines, Minerals, or Royalties, shall belong to the several Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia in which the same are situate or arise, subject to any Trusts existing in respect thereof, and to any Interest other than that of the Province in the same.

110. All Assets connected with such Portions of the Public Debt of each Province as are assumed by that Province shall belong to that Province.

111. Canada shall be liable for the Debts and Liabilities of each Province existing at the Union.

112. Ontario and Quebec conjointly shall be liable to Canada for the Amount (if any) by which the Debt of the Province of Canada exceeds at the Union Sixty-two million five hundred thousand Dollars, and shall be charged with Interest at the Rate of Five per Centum per Annum thereon.

113. The Assets enumerated in the Fourth Schedule to this Act belonging at the Union to the Province of Canada shall be the Property of Ontario and Quebec conjointly.

114. Nova Scotia shall be liable to Canada for the Amount (if any) by which its Public Debt exceeds at the Union Eight million Dollars, and shall be charged with Interest at the Rate of Five per Centum per Annum thereon.

115. New Brunswick shall be liable to Canada for the Amount (if any) by which its Public Debt exceeds at the Union Seven million Dollars, and shall be charged with Interest at the Rate of Five per Centum per Annum thereon.

116. In case the Public Debts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick do not at the Union amount to Eight million and Seven million Dollars respectively, they shall respectively receive by half-yearly Payments in advance from the Government of Canada Interest at Five per Centum per Annum on the Difference between the actual Amounts of their respective Debts and such stipulated Amounts.

117. The several Provinces shall retain all their respective Public Property not otherwise disposed of in this Act, subject to the Right of Canada to assume any Lands or Public Property required for Fortifications or for the Defence of the Country.

118. The following Sums shall be paid yearly by Canada to the several Provinces for the Support of their Governments and Legislatures:

Ontario:.........................Eighty thousand.
Quebec:........................Seventy thousand.
Nova Scotia:..................Sixty thousand.
New Brunswick:...............Fifty thousand.
Newfoundland..................Fourty thousand.
Prince Edward Island.......Thirty thousand.
British Columbia...............Ten thousand.

and an annual Grant in aid of each Province shall be made, equal to Eighty Cents per Head of the Population as ascertained by the Census of One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, and in the Case of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia by each subsequent Decennial Census until the Population of each of those Two Provinces amounts to Four hundred thousand Souls, at which Rate such Grant shall thereafter remain. Such Grants shall be in full Settlement of all future Demands on Canada, and shall be paid half-yearly in advance to each Province; but the Government of Canada shall deduct from such Grants, as against any Province, all Sums chargeable as Interest on the Public Debt of that Province in excess of the several Amounts stipulated in this Act.

119. New Brunswick shall receive by half-yearly Payments in advance from Canada for the Period of Ten Years from the Union an additional Allowance of Sixty-three thousand Dollars per Annum; but as long as the Public Debt of that Province remains under Seven million Dollars, a Deduction equal to the Interest at Five per Centum per Annum on such Deficiency shall be made from that Allowance of Sixty-three thousand Dollars.

120. All Payments to be made under this Act, or in discharge of Liabilities created under any Act of the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick respectively, and assumed by Canada, shall, until the Parliament of Canada otherwise directs, be made in such Form and Manner as may from Time to Time be ordered by the Regent General in Council..

121. All Articles of the Growth, Produce, or Manufacture of any one of the Provinces shall, from and after the Union, be admitted free into each of the other Provinces.

122. The Customs and Excise Laws of each Province shall, subject to the Provisions of this Act, continue in force until altered by the Parliament of Canada.

123. Where Customs Duties are, at the Union, leviable on any Goods, Wares, or Merchandises in any Two Provinces, those Goods, Wares, and Merchandises may, from and after the Union, be imported from one of those Provinces into the other of them on Proof of Payment of the Customs Duty leviable thereon in the Province of Exportation, and on Payment of such further Amount (if any) of Customs Duty as is leviable thereon in the Province of Importation.

124. Nothing in this Act shall affect the Right of New Brunswick and British Columbia to levy the Lumber Dues provided in Chapter Fifteen of Title Three of the Revised Statutes of New Brunswick and British Columbia, or in any Act amending that Act before or after the Union, and not increasing the Amount of such Dues; but the Lumber of any of the Provinces other than New Brunswick and British Columbia shall not be subject to such Dues.

125. Nothing in this Act shall affect the Right of Newfoundland to levy the Fishing Dues provided in Chapter Fifteen of Title Three of the Revised Statutes of Newfoundland, or in any Act amending that Act before or after the Union, and not increasing the Amount of such Dues; but the Fish of any of the Provinces other than Newfoundland shall not be subject to such Dues

126. Such Portions of the Duties and Revenues over which the respective Legislatures of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia. had before the Union Power of Appropriation as are by this Act reserved to the respective Governments or Legislatures of the Provinces, and all Duties and Revenues raised by them in accordance with the special Powers conferred upon them by this Act, shall in each Province form One Consolidated Revenue Fund to be appropriated for the Public Service of the Province.

IX. — MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.

General.

127. If any Person being at the passing of this Act a Member of the Legislative Council of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia to whom a Place in the Senate is offered, does not within Thirty Days thereafter, by Writing under his Hand addressed to the Regent General of the Province of Canada or to the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, or British Columbia (as the Case may be), accept the same, he shall be deemed to have declined the same; and any Person who, being at the passing of this Act a Member of the Legislative Council of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia, accepts a Place in the Senate shall thereby vacate his Seat in such Legislative Council.

128. Every Member of the Senate or House of Commons of Canada shall before taking his Seat therein take and subscribe before the Regent General or some Person authorized by him, and every Member of a Legislative Council or Legislative Assembly of any Province shall before taking his Seat therein take and subscribe before the Lieutenant Governor of the Province or some Person authorized by him, the Oath of Allegiance contained in the Fifth Schedule to this Act; and every Member of the Senate of Canada and every Member of the Legislative Council of Quebec shall also, before taking his Seat therein, take and subscribe before the Regent General, or some Person authorized by him, the Declaration of Qualification contained in the same Schedule.

129. Except as otherwise provided by this Act, all Laws in force in Canada, Nova Scotia, or New Brunswick at the Union, and all Courts of Civil and Criminal Jurisdiction, and all legal Commissions, Powers, and Authorities, and all Officers, Judicial, Administrative, and Ministerial, existing therein at the Union, shall continue in Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick respectively, as if the Union had not been made; subject nevertheless (except with respect to such as are enacted by or exist under Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain or of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,) to be repealed, abolished, or altered by the Parliament of Canada, or by the Legislature of the respective Province, according to the Authority of the Parliament or of that Legislature under this Act.

130. Until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, all Officers of the several Provinces having Duties to discharge in relation to Matters other than those coming within the Classes of Subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the Legislatures of the Provinces shall be Officers of Canada, and shall continue to discharge the Duties of their respective Offices under the same Liabilities, Responsibilities, and Penalties as if the Union had not been made.

131. Until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, the Regent General in Council may from Time to Time appoint such Officers as the Regent General in Council deems necessary or proper for the effectual Execution of this Act.

132. The Parliament and Government of Canada shall have all Powers necessary or proper for performing the Obligations of Canada or of any Province thereof, as Part of the British Empire, towards Foreign Countries, arising under Treaties between the Empire and such Foreign Countries.

133. Either the English or the French Language may be used by any Person in the Debates of the Houses of the Parliament of Canada and of the Houses of the Legislature of Quebec; and both those Languages shall be used in the respective Records and Journals of those Houses; and either of those Languages may be used by any Person or in any Pleading or Process in or issuing from any Court of Canada established under this Act, and in or from all or any of the Courts of Quebec.
The Acts of the Parliament of Canada and of the Legislature of Quebec shall be printed and published in both those Languages.

Ontario and Quebec

134. Until the Legislature of Ontario or of Quebec otherwise provides, the Lieutenant Governors of Ontario and Quebec may each appoint under the Great Seal of the Province the following Officers, to hold Office during Pleasure, that is to say,--the Attorney General, the Secretary and Registrar of the Province, the Treasurer of the Province, the Commissioner of Crown Lands, and the Commissioner of Agriculture and Public Works, and in the Case of Quebec the Solicitor General, and may, by Order of the Lieutenant Governor in Council, from Time to Time prescribe the Duties of those Officers, and of the several Departments over which they shall preside or to which they shall belong, and of the Officers and Clerks thereof, and may also appoint other and additional Officers to hold Office during Pleasure, and may from Time to Time prescribe the Duties of those Officers, and of the several Departments over which they shall preside or to which they shall belong, and of the Officers and Clerks thereof.

135. Until the Legislature of Ontario or Quebec otherwise provides, all Rights, Powers, Duties, Functions, Responsibilities, or Authorities at the passing of this Act vested in or imposed on the Attorney General, Solicitor General, Secretary and Registrar of the Province of Canada, Minister of Finance, Commissioner of Crown Lands, Commissioner of Public Works, and Minister of Agriculture and Receiver General, by any Law, Statute, or Ordinance of Upper Canada, Lower Canada, or Canada, and not repugnant to this Act, shall be vested in or imposed on any Officer to be appointed by the Lieutenant Governor for the Discharge of the same or any of them; and the Commissioner of Agriculture and Public Works shall perform the Duties and Functions of the Office of Minister of Agriculture at the passing of this Act imposed by the Law of the Province of Canada, as well as those of the Commissioner of Public Works.

136. Until altered by the Lieutenant Governor in Council, the Great Seals of Ontario and Quebec respectively shall be the same, or of the same Design, as those used in the Provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada respectively before their Union as the Province of Canada.

137. The Words "and from thence to the End of the then next ensuing Session of the Legislature," or Words to the same Effect, used in any temporary Act of the Province of Canada not expired before the Union, shall be construed to extend and apply to the next Session of the Parliament of Canada if the Subject Matter of the Act is within the Powers of the same, as defined by this Act, or to the next Sessions of the Legislatures of Ontario and Quebec respectively, if the Subject Matter of the Act is within the Powers of the same as defined by this Act.

138. From and after the Union the Use of the Words "Upper Canada" instead of "Ontario," or "Lower Canada" instead of "Quebec," in any Deed, Writ, Process, Pleading, Document, Matter, or Thing, shall not invalidate the same.

139. Any Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Province of Canada issued before the Union to take effect at a Time which is subsequent to the Union, whether relating to that Province, or to Upper Canada, or to Lower Canada, and the several Matters and Things therein proclaimed shall be and continue of like Force and Effect as if the Union had not been made.

140. Any Proclamation which is authorized by any Act of the Legislature of the Province of Canada to be issued under the Great Seal of the Province of Canada, whether relating to that Province, or to Upper Canada, or to Lower Canada, and which is not issued before the Union, may be issued by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario or of Quebec, as its Subject Matter requires, under the Great Seal thereof; and from and after the Issue of such Proclamation the same and the several Matters and Things therein proclaimed shall be and continue of the like Force and Effect in Ontario or Quebec as if the Union had not been made.

141. The Penitentiary of the Province of Canada shall, until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, be and continue the Penitentiary of Ontario and of Quebec.

142. The Division and Adjustment of the Debts, Credits, Liabilities, Properties, and Assets of Upper Canada and Lower Canada shall be referred to the Arbitrament of Three Arbitrators, One chosen by the Government of Ontario, One by the Government of Quebec, and One by the Government of Canada; and the Selection of the Arbitrators shall not be made until the Parliament of Canada and the Legislatures of Ontario and Quebec have met; and the Arbitrator chosen by the Government of Canada shall not be a Resident either in Ontario or in Quebec.

143. The Regent General in Council may from Time to Time order that such and so many of the Records, Books, and Documents of the Province of Canada as he thinks fit shall be appropriated and delivered either to Ontario or to Quebec, and the same shall thenceforth be the Property of that Province; and any Copy thereof or Extract therefrom, duly certified by the Officer having charge of the Original thereof, shall be admitted as Evidence.

144. The Lieutenant Governor of Quebec may from Time to Time, by Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Province, to take effect from a Day to be appointed therein, constitute Townships in those Parts of the Province of Quebec in which Townships are not then already constituted, and fix the Metes and Bounds thereof.

X. — INTERCOLONIAL RAILWAY

145. Inasmuch as the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick have joined in a Declaration that the Construction of the Intercolonial Railway is essential to the Consolidation of the Union of British North America, and to the Assent thereto of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and have consequently agreed that Provision should be made for its immediate Construction by the Government of Canada: Therefore, in order to give effect to that Agreement, it shall be the Duty of the Government and Parliament of Canada to provide for the Commencement within Six Months after the Union, of a Railway connecting the River St. Lawrence with the City of Halifax in Nova Scotia, and for the Construction thereof without Intermission, and the Completion thereof with all practicable Speed.

146. In as much as the Provinces of Canada and British Columbia have joined in a Declaration that the Construction of the Intercolonial Railway is essential to the Consolidation of the Union of British North America, and to the Assent thereto of British Columbia, and have consequently agreed that Provision should be made for its immediate Construction by the Government of Canada: Therefore, in order to give effect to that Agreement, it shall be the Duty of the Government and Parliament of Canada to provide for the Commencement within Six Months after the Union, of a Railway connecting the City of Toronto with the City of New Westminster in British Columbia, and for the Construction thereof without Intermission, and the Completion thereof with all practicable Speed.

XI. — ADMISSION OF OTHER COLONIES

146. It shall be lawful for the Queen, by and with the Advice of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, and on Address from the Houses of the Parliament of Canada to admit Rupert's Land and the North-western Territory, or either of them, into the Union, on such Terms and Conditions in each Case as are in the Addresses expressed and as the Queen thinks fit to approve, subject to the Provisions of this Act; and the Provisions of any Order in Council in that Behalf shall have effect as if they had been enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

THE FIRST SCHEDULE.
Electoral Districts of Ontario.

A. Existing Electoral Divisions.
Counties.

Prescott.
Glengarry.
Stormont.
Dundas.
Russell.
Carleton.
Prince Edward.
Halton.
Essex.

Ridings of Counties

North Riding of Lanark.
South Riding of Lanark.
North Riding of Leeds and North Riding of Grenville.
South Riding of Leeds.
South Riding of Grenville.
East Riding of Northumberland.
West Riding of Northumberland (excepting therefrom the Township of South Monaghan).
East Riding of Durham.
West Riding of Durham.
North Riding of Ontario.
South Riding of Ontario.
East Riding of York.
West Riding of York.
North Riding of York.
North Riding of Wentworth.
South Riding of Wentworth.
East Riding of Elgin.
West Riding of Elgin.
North Riding of Waterloo.
South Riding of Waterloo.
North Riding of Brant.
South Riding of Brant.
North Riding of Oxford.
South Riding of Oxford.
East Riding of Middlesex.

Cities, Parts of Cities, and Towns.

West Toronto.
East Toronto.
Hamilton
Ottawa
Kingston
London
Town of Brockville, with the Township of Elizabethtown thereto attached.
Town of Niagara, with the Township of Niagara thereto attached.
Town of Cornwall, with the Township of Cornwall thereto attached.

B. New Electoral Divisions.

The Provisional Judicial District of ALGOMA.
The County of BRUCE, divided into Two Ridings, to be called respectively the North and South Ridings:--
1. The North Riding of Bruce to consist of the Townships of Bury, Lindsay, Eastnor, Albermarle, Amabel, Arran, Bruce, Elderslie, and Saugeen, and the Village of Southampton.
2. The South Riding of Bruce to consist of the Townships of Kincardine (including the Village of Kincardine), Greenock, Brant, Huron, Kinloss, Culross, and Carrick.
The County of HURON, divided into Two Ridings, to be called respectively the North and South Ridings:--
1. The North Riding to consist of the Townships of Ashfield, Wawanosh, Turnberry, Howick, Morris, Grey, Colborne, Hullett, including the Village of Clinton, and McKillop.
2. The South Riding to consist of the Town of Goderich and the Townships of Goderich, Tuckersmith, Stanley, Hay, Usborne, and Stephen.
The County of MIDDLESEX, divided into three Ridings, to be called respectively the North, West, and East Ridings:--
1. The North Riding to consist of the Townships of McGillivray and Biddulph (taken from the County of Huron), and Williams East, Williams West, Adelaide, and Lobo.
2. The West Riding to consist of the Townships of Delaware, Carradoc, Metcalfe, Mosa and Ekfrid, and the Village of Strathroy.
3. [The East Riding to consist of the Townships now embraced therein, and be bounded as it is at present.]
  1. The County of LAMBTON to consist of the Townships of Bosanquet, Warwick, Plympton, Sarnia, Moore, Enniskillen, and Brooke, and the Town of Sarnia.
  2. The County of KENT to consist of the Townships of Chatham, Dover, East Tilbury, Romney, Raleigh, and Harwich, and the Town of Chatham.
  3. The County of BOTHWELL to consist of the Townships of Sombra, Dawn, and Euphemia (taken from the County of Lambton), and the Townships of Zone, Camden with the Gore thereof, Orford, and Howard (taken from the County of Kent).
The County of GREY, divided into Two Ridings, to be called respectively the South and North Ridings:--
1. The South Riding to consist of the Townships of Bentinck, Glenelg, Artemesia, Osprey, Normanby, Egremont, Proton, and Melancthon.
2. The North Riding to consist of the Townships of Collingwood, Euphrasia, Holland, Saint-Vincent, Sydenham, Sullivan, Derby, and Keppel, Sarawak and Brooke, and the Town of Owen Sound.
The County of PERTH, divided into Two Ridings, to be called respectively the South and North Ridings:--
1. The North Riding to consist of the Townships of Wallace, Elma, Logan, Ellice, Mornington, and North Easthope, and the Town of Stratford.
2. The South Riding to consist of the Townships of Blanchard, Downie, South Easthope, Fullarton, Hibbert, and the Villages of Mitchell and Ste. Marys.
The County of WELLINGTON, divided into Three Ridings, to be called respectively North, South and Centre Ridings:--
1. The North Riding to consist of the Townships of Amaranth, Arthur, Luther, Minto, Maryborough, Peel, and the Village of Mount Forest.
2. The Centre Riding to consist of the Townships of Garafraxa, Erin, Eramosa, Nichol, and Pilkington, and the Villages of Fergus and Elora.
3. The South Riding to consist of the Town of Guelph, and the Townships of Guelph and Puslinch.
The County of NORFOLK, divided into Two Ridings, to be called respectively the South and North Ridings:--
1. The South Riding to consist of the Townships of Charlotteville, Houghton, Walsingham, and Woodhouse, and with the Gore thereof.
2. The North Riding to consist of the Townships of Middleton, Townsend, and Windham, and the Town of Simcoe.
The County of HALDIMAND to consist of the Townships of Oneida, Seneca, Cayuga North, Cayuga South, Raynham, Walpole, and Dunn.
The County of MONCK to consist of the Townships of Canborough and Moulton, and Sherbrooke, and the Village of Dunnville (taken from the County of Haldimand), the Townships of Caistor and Gainsborough (taken from the County of Lincoln), and the Townships of Pelham and Wainfleet (taken from the County of Welland).
The County of LINCOLN to consist of the Townships of Clinton, Grantham, Grimsby, and Louth, and the Town of St. Catherines.
The County of WELLAND to consist of the Townships of Bertie, Crowland, Humberstone, Stamford, Thorold, and Willoughby, and the Villages of Chippewa, Clifton, Fort Erie, Thorold, and Welland.
The County of PEEL to consist of the Townships of Chinguacousy, Toronto, and the Gore of Toronto, and the Villages of Brampton and Streetsville.
The County of CARDWELL to consist of the Townships of Albion and Caledon (taken from the County of Peel), and the Townships of Adjala and Mono (taken from the County of Simcoe).
The County of SIMCOE, divided into Two Ridings, to be called respectively the South and North Ridings:--
1. The South Riding to consist of the Townships of West Gwillimbury, Tecumseth, Innisfil, Essa, Tosorontio, Mulmur, and the Village of Bradford.
2. The North Riding to consist of the Townships of Nottawasaga, Sunnidale, Vespra, Flos, Oro, Medonte, Orillia and Matchedash, Tiny and Tay, Balaklava and Robinson, and the Towns of Barrie and Collingwood.
The County of VICTORIA, divided into Two Ridings, to be called respectively the South and North Ridings:--
1. The South Riding to consist of the Townships of Ops, Mariposa, Emily, Verulam, and the Town of Lindsay.
2. The North Riding to consist of the Townships of Anson, Bexley, Carden, Dalton, Digby, Eldon, Fenelon, Hindon, Laxton, Lutterworth, Macaulay and Draper, Sommerville, and Morrison, Muskoka, Monck and Watt (taken from the County of Simcoe), and any other surveyed Townships lying to the North of the said North Riding.
The County of PETERBOROUGH, divided into Two Ridings, to be called respectively the West and East Ridings:--
1. The West Riding to consist of the Townships of South Monaghan (taken from the County of Northumberland), North Monaghan, Smith, and Ennismore, and the Town of Peterborough.
2. The East Riding to consist of the Townships of Asphodel, Belmont and Methuen, Douro, Dummer, Galway, Harvey, Minden, Stanhope and Dysart, Otonabee, and Snowden, and the Village of Ashburnham, and any other surveyed Townships lying to the North of the said East Riding.
The County of HASTINGS, divided into Three Ridings, to be called respectively the West, East, and North Ridings:--
1. The West Riding to consist of the Town of Belleville, the Township of Sydney, and the Village of Trenton.
2. The East Riding to consist of the Townships of Thurlow, Tyendinaga, and Hungerford.
3. The North Riding to consist of the Townships of Rawdon, Huntingdon, Madoc, Elzevir, Tudor, Marmora, and Lake, and the Village of Stirling, and any other surveyed Townships lying to the North of the said North Riding.
The County of LENNOX to consist of the Townships of Richmond, Adolphustown, North Fredericksburg, South Fredericksburg, Ernest Town, and Amherst Island, and the Village of Napanee.
The County of ADDINGTON to consist of the Townships of Camden, Portland, Sheffield, Hinchinbrooke, Kaladar, Kennebec, Olden, Oso, Anglesea, Barrie, Clarendon, Palmerston, Effingham, Abinger, Miller, Canonto, Denbigh, Loughborough, and Bedford.
The County of FRONTENAC to consist of the Townships of New Baltimore, Kingston, Wolfe Island, Pittsburg and Howe Island, and Storrington.
The County of RENFREW, divided into Two Ridings, to be called respectively the South and North Ridings:--
1. The South Riding to consist of the Townships of McNab, Bagot, Blithfield, Brougham, Horton, Admaston, Grattan, Matawatchan, Griffith, Lyndoch, Raglan, Radcliffe, Brudenell, Sebastopol, and the Villages of Arnprior and Renfrew.
2. The North Riding to consist of the Townships of Ross, Bromley, Westmeath, Stafford, Pembroke, Wilberforce, Alice, Petawawa, Buchanan, South Algona, North Algona, Fraser, McKay, Wylie, Rolph, Head, Maria, Clara, Haggerty, Sherwood, Burns, and Richards, and any other surveyed Townships lying North-westerly of the said North

Every Town and incorporated Village existing at the Union, not especially mentioned in this Schedule, is to be taken as Part of the County or Riding within which it is locally situate.

THE SECOND SCHEDULE
Electoral Districts of Quebec specially fixed.
Counties of--

Pontiac.
Ottawa.
Argenteuil.
Huntingdon.
Missisquoi.
Brome.
Shefford.
Stanstead.
Compton.
Wolfe and Richmond.
Megantic.
Town of Sherbrooke.

THE THIRD SCHEDULE
Provincial Public Works and Property to be the Property of Canada.

Canals, with Lands and Water Power connected therewith.
Public Harbours.
Lighthouses and Piers, and Sable Island.
Steamboats, Dredges, and public Vessels.
Rivers and Lake Improvements.
Railways and Railway Stocks, Mortgages, and other Debts due by Railway Companies.
Military Roads.
Custom Houses, Post Offices, and all other Public Buildings, except such as the Government of Canada appropriate for the Use of the Provincial Legislatures and Governments.
Property transferred by the Imperial Government, and known as Ordnance Property.
Armouries, Drill Sheds, Military Clothing, and Munitions of War, and Lands set apart for general Public Purposes.

THE FOURTH SCHEDULE
Assets to be the Property of Ontario and Quebec conjointly.

Upper Canada Building Fund.
Lunatic Asylums.
Normal School.
Court Houses, in Aylmer.
Lower Canada.
Montreal.
Kamouraska.
Law Society, Upper Canada.
Montreal Turnpike Trust.
University Permanent Fund.
Royal Institution.
Consolidated Municipal Loan Fund, Upper Canada.
Consolidated Municipal Loan Fund, Lower Canada.
Agricultural Society, Upper Canada.
Lower Canada Legislative Grant.
Quebec Fire Loan.
Temiscouata Advance Account.
Quebec Turnpike Trust.
Education--East.
Building and Jury Fund, Lower Canada.
Municipalities Fund.
Lower Canada Superior Education Income Fund.

THE FIFTH SCHEDULE.
Oath of Allegiance.
I A.B. do swear, That I will be faithful and bear true Allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Victoria.

Note. — The Name of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for the Time being is to be substituted from Time to Time, with proper Terms of Reference thereto.

Declaration of Qualification.
I A.B. do declare and testify, That I am by Law duly qualified to be appointed a Member of the Senate of Canada [or as the Case may be], and that I am legally or equitably seised as of Freehold for my own Use and Benefit of Lands or Tenements held in Free and Common Socage [or seised or possessed for my own Use and Benefit of Lands or Tenements held in Franc-alleu or in Roture (as the Case may be),] in the Province of Nova Scotia [or as the Case may be] of the Value of Four thousand Dollars over and above all Rents, Dues, Debts, Mortgages, Charges, and Incumbrances due or payable out of or charged on or affecting the same, and that I have not collusively or colourably obtained a Title to or become possessed of the said Lands and Tenements or any Part thereof for the Purpose of enabling me to become a Member of the Senate of Canada [or as the Case may be], and that my Real and Personal Property are together worth Four thousand Dollars over and above my Debts and Liabilities.

Harpsichord · Jul 5, 2017

To Benjamin Cudworth Yancey Jr., Minister of Argentina on behalf of the Confederate States of America

Sir, allow me the pleasure of extending to your government the formal recognition of the Argentine Confederation, and to welcome your nation as a brother into the community of the Americas. Though the horrors of war may still scar your lands as they till recently have my own, I have faith that your people shall capitalise upon their newfound liberty to reach new and greater heights.

~ President Derqui

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The relationship between the Republics of Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay in 1865

Since the establishment of constitutional government in the United Provinces, the government of Paraná (the federal capital from 1853-1861) had adopted an attitude of friendly relations with its neighbours in Paraguay and Uruguay. Indeed, it had been with their support that Urquiza had formed his 'Grand Army' which forced de Rosas from Buenos Aires. The borders with Paraguay, though somewhat undefined, were implicitly agreed according to the situation on the ground, and it was Francisco Solano López (at the time acting on behalf of his father, the President of Paraguay) that helped mediate between the Confederation and Buenos Aires following the Battle of Cepeda. Lopez's successful intervention prevented further conflict, albeit temporarily, and is regarded as the beginning of a friendship between the Paraguayan and the entrerriano.

For Uruguay, meanwhile, the relationship has been notably beneficial. Despite being supported in '52 by the colorados, Urquiza preferred to support whichever government in Montevideo held the most legitimacy (which can be thought of as whichever faction held

the sum of political-military support); thus, when Venancio Flores was overthrown by the military for opposing the growing fusion movement Urquiza did not act, and when Flores' ally César Díaz invaded Uruguay in '58 Urquiza's lieutenant López Jordán intervened to support the neighbouring government. Despite allowing his men to fight against Díaz Urquiza granted the retreating colorados asylum, an act he would regret when they later joined with Buenos Aires and fought against him at Pavón. The colorados invasion of '63, initially seeming to be as brief as that of '58, gained a new dimension when Brazil seemed poised to support Flores. From Paraguay President López sent messages of support to his counterpart in Uruguay, and sought to sound out the position of Urquiza and President Derqui; his Argentine neighbours pressed for caution, and for the time being Paraguay appeared side-lined as Argentina joined with its other neighbours in Congress of São Paulo.

Yet the Argentinians had not ignored their would-be ally, and as such when civil strife broke out in the Brazilian north President Derqui invited his counterparts López and (Acting-)President Aguirre of Uruguay to Rosario for negotiations of their own. The

discussions were amicable and easily had. Aguirre was mainly concerned that with the Brazilian government focusing on its north, the gauchos across the border might return to their old habits; the position of López was less easily read, but one could at least gather he was pleased to have friendly government's in Buenpretenos Aires and Montevideo. It was to this pair and their associates that Derqui put forth a proposal of three articles that carried the intention of securing an era of stability and prosperity across the Rio de la Plata: a ban on asylum to any fugitive (a key element of the decades of unrest that had plagued the region), the free movement of goods and people (to enable equitable prosperity), and a defensive agreement (to ensure the integrity of the three nations). Having received their broad agreement, President Derqui thus had his clerks present a formal treaty;

Treaty of Rosario (1865)

The Argentine Confederation, the Republic of Paraguay, and the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, henceforth referred to as the signing powers, do hereby agree to enter into the following articles, being as they are based upon the principles of liberty and justice.

~ To protect the integrity and independence of the signing powers, and to resist any foreign invasion into the territory of the signing powers.
~ To not give asylum to any fugitive of the signing powers, and to return such fugitives to the respective jurisdiction from which they fled.
~ To admit from the signing powers the unrestricted circulation of persons, livestock or fruits, by river or land, without taxes or other hindrance beyond those to which citizens and goods of the recipient signing power are themselves subject.

[X] President Derqui, on behalf of the Argentine Confederation
[X] President López, on behalf of the Republic of Paraguay
[X] Acting-President Aguirre, on behalf of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay

Noco19 · Jul 5, 2017

Christopher_Memminger_%281803-1888%29%2C_Secretary_of_Treasury_Confederate_States_of_America.jpg

Christopher Memminger, Secretary of the Treasury
A Response to Sir Anthony de Rothschild

It is an honor that I speak now with the uncontested authority of these Confederate States of America, and it is likewise an honor to receive you on my Nation's behalf in regards to this most pressing issue of finance.

Certainly, it can not be overstated the importance invested into our first steps as a Nation, and I can think of few others who could match a partnership with Britain in terms of financial authority. Indeed, on global terms, but also as it relates specifically to the Confederacy and our historic involvement with Her Majesty's Government and Her private citizenry. Although our relations were draped in the pallor of unrecognition, let it be known that our futures appear greatly intertwined as brotherly states once again. Such is our kinship, to restore wounds that would rend other nations so quickly.

Reading over your proposal and relaying it Cabinet, it has met with some degrees of excitement and acceptance - however, if I may, I would propose a number of revisions which may prove of benefit to us both. It is well within the desires of the Confederacy to be a stable rock, not only for the benefit our fiscal health, but likewise to prove and provide to our various lenders and international partners the Confederacy to be a fertile land for prosperity. Thus, in alleviating the burdens we are placed under, will reap reward for the next harvest, so to say.

For instance, it is my advice that in regards to economic restructuring, that your proposed three categories be rendered thusly: the first category to be set at 35 years, the second to be set to 45, and the third to be set to 55. The binding of ourselves to Britain over a longer period of time would do well to moderate the adverse affects of certain economic burdens upon our Confederacy, which can only help guarantee confidence in our ability to easily render payment.

If such an amendment were in order, I would find myself confident in our Administration's acceptance of the offered terms, and the beginnings of an end for any sort of undue uncertainty that lies between our two nation's markets.

99KingHigh · Jul 5, 2017

Noco19 said:
Christopher Memminger, Secretary of the Treasury
A Response to Sir Anthony de Rothschild

It is an honor that I speak now with the uncontested authority of these Confederate States of America, and it is likewise an honor to receive you on my Nation's behalf in regards to this most pressing issue of finance.

Certainly, it can not be overstated the importance invested into our first steps as a Nation, and I can think of few others who could match a partnership with Britain in terms of financial authority. Indeed, on global terms, but also as it relates specifically to the Confederacy and our historic involvement with Her Majesty's Government and Her private citizenry. Although our relations were draped in the pallor of unrecognition, let it be known that our futures appear greatly intertwined as brotherly states once again. Such is our kinship, to restore wounds that would rend other nations so quickly.

Reading over your proposal and relaying it Cabinet, it has met with some degrees of excitement and acceptance - however, if I may, I would propose a number of revisions which may prove of benefit to us both. It is well within the desires of the Confederacy to be a stable rock, not only for the benefit our fiscal health, but likewise to prove and provide to our various lenders and international partners the Confederacy to be a fertile land for prosperity. Thus, in alleviating the burdens we are placed under, will reap reward for the next harvest, so to say.

For instance, it is my advice that in regards to economic restructuring, that your proposed three categories be rendered thusly: the first category to be set at 35 years, the second to be set to 45, and the third to be set to 55. The binding of ourselves to Britain over a longer period of time would do well to moderate the adverse affects of certain economic burdens upon our Confederacy, which can only help guarantee confidence in our ability to easily render payment.

If such an amendment were in order, I would find myself confident in our Administration's acceptance of the offered terms, and the beginnings of an end for any sort of undue uncertainty that lies between our two nation's markets.

Mr. Secretary Memminger,

These terms are most amenable to Her Majesty's Government, and therefore I accept without reservation and congratulate your Government on the constancy and prudence of your Republic's policy. We wish you good tidings as you celebrate the Birth of your Nation.

Sincerely,
Sir Anthony de Rothschild, 1st Baronet
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Confederate States of America.

Julius Maximus · Jul 5, 2017

Kingdom of Prussia

Minister-President Otto von Bismarck's "Big Brother" Policy

The events that have unfolded since 1861 in Europe have brought many new realities to those whom encompass it, ranging from the failure of Prussia in the Second Schleswig War to the French invasion of Egypt. All of these circumstances can easily change any carefully laid plans by a government both internally and externally. With the rapid rise of imperialist policy being made by the French, the rising of open tensions between Austria and Italy and the expansion of the already large Imperial Russian Army did Otto von Bismarck have to take into account for molding his path for the Kingdom of Prussia in the game of brinkmanship known as Europe.

He had already enacted his policy of "Realpolitik" the previous year, he looked within the German Confederation itself and enacted what simply became known as the "Big Brother" policy. It was aimed to gather the German states to become more closely aligned, manipulating the feelings of German nationalism and fear of the powers of Europe encroaching upon the German peoples. Bismarck saw a golden opportunity to more closely align the German states under the Prussian banner, as Prussia's military reputation was being restored and even exceeded expectations, Prussia saw the German states not as subjects but as equals and promised to defend them from the foreign menace which they could not provide themselves.

Map of the German Confederation

Otto von Bismarck knew there were going to be potential German states still sympathetic to the Austrians, but there was no doubt the tides were changing towards Prussia from both internal actions and those outside the German Confederation, Bismarck was not going to waste time cementing influence and control over Northern Germany. The question is would it work and become the beginning of Bismarck's legacy of success or backfire into utter failure is one that only the Lord Himself knows...

jacob-Lundgren · Jul 5, 2017

Julius Maximus said:
Kingdom of Prussia

Private Letter from Minister-President Otto von Bismarck to Foreign Minister Alexander Gorchakov

Mr. Gorchakov,

The January Uprising within the Polish Corridor this past year gained the full attention of the Prussian government, as the Poles within the domain of the Russian Empire had the audacity to attempt to overthrow the benevolent rule of His Imperial Majesty Alexander II. Even though the Poles have been utterly defeated by the Imperial Russian Army, on behalf of His Majesty Wilhelm I and that of the Prussian government we strive to cooperate with the Russian government to quickly deter any future crisis in the region between our borders regarding the Poles. We see the Russian Empire as a respected friend and are hopeful that we may work together into the future to solve problems that occur into concrete solutions.

If you wish to discuss any details pertaining to the influx of Polish into Prussia that are wanted for crimes by the Russian government, or any other issue regarding the events of the January Uprising, please do not delay, as I shall await your response.

My best regards Mr. Gorchakov,

A sealed letter is delivered to Otto von Bismarck

Greetings minister,

I thank you for your most generous offer regarding our recent crisis. We were not entirely shocked there would be some trouble makers but the scale of it did catch us slightly off guard. Naturally we reacted with utmost vigor and confidence to smash the rebellion. Russia has considered the people and government of Prussia as one of friendship also for some time now. We will certainly take up your offer of assistance in any future uprisings. We also are able to furnish a list of those we believe to be most responsible that fled as cowards to escape justice.

The Russian view is that Prussia is an important bulwark against the fanatical behavior of the common mob. On occasion as has happened in the past, Prussia has played a valuable role as a stabilizing force. It has helped in handling the less civilized elements of society when they get too inspired by idealistic rabble rouses. Prussia is a valued trading partner and has served as a valuable ally in the past. It is hoped that friendship will be what we consider the relationship between our two peoples for many years to come.

Alexander Gorchakov ~ Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire

etranger01 · Jul 5, 2017

On Achieving Strategic Depth

Following his crushing victory over the Prussian forces at Saarbrucken, as well as the lenient peace settlement at Flensborg, Napoleon III conducted an extensive campaign of diplomacy and propaganda among the western German states. It did not go unnoticed that, while punishing Prussia for its aggressive behavior towards Denmark, the French Empire had conspicuously avoided extending such efforts to those German states which had contributed to that same goal.

The purpose of this strategy was simple: by showcasing his benevolence and goodwill towards the states of western Germany, Napoleon III deprived the two would-be hegemons of allies and undercut the image of a Germany united against foreign aggression. Moreover, France would potentially benefit economically from closer ties with the western German states, having been unwisely excluded from the Customs Union by the pre-Bismarck Prussian government. (It was believed by some observers that, by setting aside the proposal to include France at the expense of Austria, Prussia had traded a winning hand for a losing hand to no real purpose.) Additionally, by securing a cadre of German allies, France would achieve a strategic buffer against aggression from its eastern neighbors, which was quite the prize indeed. Finally, it suited Napoleon III's ego, which was substantial, to portray himself as kindly and restrained, neither seizing territory nor making untoward demands in the afterglow of victory.

Many still suspected the Bonaparte Emperor of territorial ambitions, naturally. His illustrious predecessor's very name, which he shared, conjured images of the all-conquering Grand Army, and many in France (including prominent opposition figure Adolphe Thiers) still referred to the Rhine as France's "natural border." However, it was fairly obvious that such ambitions, if they indeed became French policy at some future point, would primarily disadvantage the Prussians, for whom little sympathy existed in the wake of their iron-fisted policies and their alliance with somnolent Austria. Moreover, connections with France would link those German states to Europe's second-largest industrial economy and the world's pre-eminent military power. As such, Napoleon III's benevolence offered few downsides to any western state seeking an ally against the hegemony of the large eastern states, and many potential advantages indeed...

[Forum Game] - World in Revolution: 1861 Mk. IV

Sphinx of the Tuileries

A Model Modern Major General

Supercilious Ivy League High Tory

Genro

Supercilious Ivy League High Tory

Corporal

Supercilious Ivy League High Tory

Aon dochar

President of California

President of California

Supercilious Ivy League High Tory

Lt. General

Private

Supercilious Ivy League High Tory

Major

Little Creole

Supercilious Ivy League High Tory

Corporal

GM/Brutal Werewolf Leader

Sphinx of the Tuileries