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Basileios I

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Emperor of Europe said:
Herakleios was a Byzantine emperor, so it's hardly surprising he decided to change the language to Byzantine greek instead of Roman latin.

Who was the last Roman emperor then? Was Justinian a Roman emperor? Was Constantine a Roman emperor?


Emperor of Europe said:
"Well into" is quite a stretch, isn't it? Wasn't the army and the way it was recruited in fact thoroughly reorganized under Heraclius and Constans II?

The system of recruitment was changed (every army existing by then basically received a group of provinces and the military/civilian administration of that area was merged in the hands of the Strategos. Voila, the Theme was born), but on a tactical level the organisation remained the same. There is not a lot of difference between the armies described by emperor Maurice in his Strategikon and Leo's Tactica of the 9th century.

Emperor of Europe said:
The the structures of the Diocletian army survived well into the fall of Rome.

Yep, you got it. In the half of the Roman Empire left. Centred at Constantinople.


Emperor of Europe said:
No, it is not Roman because it was changed from its Roman basis. A fact you point out.

All things change in history. But why should they suddenly be something completely different?


Emperor of Europe said:
Did I claim that? Feel free to find the quote in question and post it here. You can't. Hence it is a straw-man argument.

I don't get your point.


Emperor of Europe said:
Go read about Byzantine history then. Greek Empire.

No, honestly, have you read anything about late Roman history? About the countless emperors deposed, murdered and new ones raised by the troops every year? It was bad especially in the time before Diocletian.


Emperor of Europe said:
No ... really? Did the peoples ruled by the selfproclaimed Roman Byzantines decide to live another day and call their masters Roman? That really is surprising.

The Caliph?

Face it, Europeans only started to call the Roman Empire "Greek Empire" because they founded their own Roman Empire (coronation of Charlemagne and later the Ottons).

Emperor of Europe said:
Greece was of only marginal importance?! The Byzantine Empire was rooted in Hellenistic culture and its language was greek. What is so unimportant about that?

Well it was.

The Empire 717AD:

ByzantineEmpire717AD.png


Most of Greece was ruled by Slavic tribes. Reconquered only in the early 9th century.

(was the best map I found on the internet, I have a better one which I'd need to scan though)
 

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Basileios I said:
Who was the last Roman emperor then? Was Justinian a Roman emperor? Was Constantine a Roman emperor?

Well I happen to think the shift from Roman to Byzantine was gradual. As you very well know there are plenty of different scholars with plenty of different opinions on when the Byzantine Empire started. Some point to the reign of Diocletian others to that of Heraclius. Myself? Well, somewhere inbetween. So what?


The system of recruitment was changed (every army existing by then basically received a group of provinces and the military/civilian administration of that area was merged in the hands of the Strategos. Voila, the Theme was born), but on a tactical level the organisation remained the same.

The system of recruitment - as you belittle it as - was a profound change of the remnants of the Eastern Roman armies. It also had tactical impact as the subunits not only were recruited in their Theme but also fought in it. All in all it led to armies that were feudal in nature.


There is not a lot of difference between the armies described by emperor Maurice in his Strategikon and Leo's Tactica of the 9th century.

Not if you ignore that the recruitment was drastically changed and that the army became more feudal in nature.


Yep, you got it. In the half of the Roman Empire left. Centred at Constantinople.

That doesn't make any sense. Now you're effectively seeing that what made the Western Roman army different was that it survived in the Eastern Roman empire. That's non-sensical.


All things change in history. But why should they suddenly be something completely different?

Because things evolve to a point where they are radically different in nature. If we follow your line of reasoning, we would still be living in the stone age or even be amoebas. Well, I don't and I'm not.


I don't get your point.

It's easy really. I am telling you that you are a liar, when you say I claimed that Roman emperors with non-Roman ethnicity aren't Roman.

Does that make it clearer?


No, honestly, have you read anything about late Roman history? About the countless emperors deposed, murdered and new ones raised by the troops every year? It was bad especially in the time before Diocletian.

No, honestly, have you read anything about early Byzantine history? About the countless emperors deposed, murdered and new ones raised by the troops every year?


The Caliph?

Face it, Europeans only started to call the Roman Empire "Greek Empire" because they founded their own Roman Empire (coronation of Charlemagne and later the Ottons).

Face it. The Empire of the Greeks was ruled from Greece, spoke greek, had a fgreek army, a greek administration and a greek culture.


Well it was.

The Empire 717AD:

ByzantineEmpire717AD.png


Most of Greece was ruled by Slavic tribes. Reconquered only in the early 9th century.

(was the best map I found on the internet, I have a better one which I'd need to scan though)

No it wasn't

The Empire 1180 AD

Byzantium1180.jpg


Most of the empire was Greek. Either in mainland greek or along the Hellenized coastline of modern day Turkey.

There are plenty of very good maps on the internet.

/EoE
 
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Well I happen to think the shift from Roman to Byzantine was gradual. As you very well know there are plenty of different scholars with plenty of different opinions on when the Byzantine Empire started. Some point to the reign of Diocletian others to that of Heraclius. Myself? Well, somewhere inbetween. So what?

There has to be a line somewhere, even if a thin one. When, in your opinion, did the Roman Empire become the Byzantine Empire?
 

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Rocketman said:
There has to be a line somewhere, even if a thin one. When, in your opinion, did the Roman Empire become the Byzantine Empire?

Has there? Can you identify a clear line between the stone age and the bronze ape? Between the bronze age and the iron age? To the renaissance? The enlightenment? Between ape and man? I can't.

rgds/EoE
 

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Basileios I said:
Who was the last Roman emperor then? Was Justinian a Roman emperor? Was Constantine a Roman emperor?

The last Imperator Romanum was Heraclius, who became first the Persian king and then settled for the Greek Basileus. May just be semantics to you, but to me and I'm guessing some others (such as ERE) it's pretty indicative to a complete change when looked at alongside the reform in administration and language it coincided.




The system of recruitment was changed (every army existing by then basically received a group of provinces and the military/civilian administration of that area was merged in the hands of the Strategos. Voila, the Theme was born), but on a tactical level the organisation remained the same. There is not a lot of difference between the armies described by emperor Maurice in his Strategikon and Leo's Tactica of the 9th century.

You're right, Maurice's thematic armies and Leo V's thematic armies are very similar. That's because the complete reform of the army came about with Theophilus's reign, which just happened to be right after the time range you give, either short-sightedly or conveniently to fit your argument. Theophilus reorganized the system down to its core, from theme to bandum to its officers and purpose.

All things change in history. But why should they suddenly be something completely different?

Because when some things change enough they become something different than what they once were? That's a pretty basic principle.

No, honestly, have you read anything about late Roman history? About the countless emperors deposed, murdered and new ones raised by the troops every year? It was bad especially in the time before Diocletian.

If you're arguing for continuation between the Roman and Byzantine Empires then yeah I suppose this would be a way to do it.. although not a very prestigious path to take.

Face it, Europeans only started to call the Roman Empire "Greek Empire" because they founded their own Roman Empire (coronation of Charlemagne and later the Ottons).

It could also have something to do with -- and Liutprand of Cremona was quick to point this out to Emperor Nicephorus during his visit -- the fact that the "Roman Emperor" didn't even control Rome, while the Holy Roman Emperor did at the time and at many points.

Liutprand Bishop of Cremona said:
My master did not by force or tyrannically invade the city of Rome; but he freed it from a tyrant, nay, from the yoke of tyrants. Did not the slaves of women rule over it; or, which is worse and more disgraceful, harlots themselves? Your power, I fancy, or that of your predecessors, who in name alone are called emperors of the Romans and are it not in reality, was sleeping at that time. If they were powerful, if emperors of the Romans, why did they permit Rome to be in the hands of harlots?

Source: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/liudprand1.html

Most of Greece was ruled by Slavic tribes. Reconquered only in the early 9th century.

Indeed true, but that ignores the fact that the entire Aegean seaboard, most of Asia Minor, and great swaths of the Near East were Greek, if not ethnically then most certainly culturally. Just because a lot of Greek proper was under slavic control doesn't mean the Empire suddenly wasn't Greek itself. In fact, the catastrophies of the 7th Century did more to homogenize and stabilize the lands than anything else could have.

A point which I'd like to make is that it was impossible, in a real sense, for Byzantium to have true continuity with ancient Rome, especially for the common person. By the end of the Byzantine Dark Age (roughly 550 to 840) there was hardly any continuity -- even for the higher nobility -- with the Empire of Justinian. The old aristocratic families had disappeared, completely different surnames cropped up, and the lack of literacy and general knowledge wiped away nearly all connections with the old empire. If someone under the reign of Leo IV, or even Nicephorus, couldn't comfortably identify with someone under the reign of Justin or Maurice, then how could someone under Manuel II identify with someone under Nero?
 

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Byzantine Empire _was_ the Roman Empire after the western side collapsed. That fact doesnt change even if the language is changed or whatever. You could use the same reasoning to say that France isnt France because it doesnt have kings anymore or whatever..
 

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Emperor of Europe said:
If culture doesn't define a people, then what does? The Romans of the 5th century developed directly from the Romans of Augustus', Julius Caesar's and Tullus Hostilius' time. The Roman Empire in the east did not. They were a conquered people who after the decline of Roman power reverted to their native language and culture. The Byzantine Empire was a hellenized empire that had little to do with anything Roman.

I did'nt say that culture doesn't define a people, as you will realize if you read my post.

In any event, the Romans of the 5th Century developed directly from the Romans of Caesar's time, Hostilius time, etc. But they ALSO developed directly from their subordinate nations: the Britons, Germans, Franks, Helvetians, Dalmatians, Greeks, etc. To claim that the Roman culture in the Western Empire of the 5th century was most broadly derived from their cultural origins 500 years to 1000 years before is simply false. The influences from other, conquered nations all around Europe, Asia, and Africa is undeniable, and it rendered the culture of 5th Century Romans *far* distinct from that of their predecessors 500 years previous. Not to mention the effect of 500 years of dictatorships, the steady erosion of civil and political liberties, the ever increasing and ever more oppressive influence of Christianity, etc.

Hypocritical? Splitting hairs? Calm down, will you? There's a world of difference between the Byzantine Empire and the Western Roman Empire. And to claim a political continuity until 1453 is really a wide stretch.

Has anyone here ever seen the candid camera footage of a woman trying to wrap three balloons up in some gift wrapping that is just a little too small? After much huffing and puffing and lots of duct tape she actually did it. But the package sure wasn't a pretty sight. Neither is a Roman Empire that is shoehorned into a continued existence until 1453. It's a shaky construction at best, it belittles the Byzantine Empire and it doesn't do anyone any good except for Roman fanboys.

rgds/EoE

There is also a world of difference between the Western Roman Empire of the 5th century and that of the 1st century B.C. -- you simply seem to either refuse to acknowledge this, or have not spent a lot of time studying the later period of the western empire.

In any event, to dispute that the political continuity from the time of Augustus to 1453 was continuous also begs one to argue that the continuity ended in the time of Diocletian, when the empire was reorganized, and governed by two distinctive Augustii and their respective heirs in four different pieces. Noting that Diocletian ruled, overall, from Nicomedia, disdained the old structures of succession that had been in place from the time of Augustus, gave himself many of the trappings of king that had long been dormant in Roman society, presided over a fundamental reorganization of the Roman provinces into dioceses, as well as making many other changes, there seems to be no reason not to make the distinction that the Roman Empire was gone at this point as well.

Again, you can split hairs, but there is no particular reason to say that the empire fell after Romulus Augustulus vs. with the ascension of Diocletian, Trajan (who was the first non-Roman Imperator), Constantine, and several others for whom strong cases of varying levels of radical departure from the previous norm can be made.

And for what it's worth, I am far from a "Roman fanboy". My first move in EU II was to take the Ottoman Empire and crush the little Byzantine remnant. I have never found myself interested in playing as the Byzantine Empire in an EU game, and I will note that the fact that I disagree with your interpretation of fact does not render me a "Fanboy".

In any event, take a deep breath, and realize that perhaps it is you that are not calm, since I completely calm now, just as I was when I made my other post in the first place. If you are also calm, then that is very well.

Good day.
 

Basileios I

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Emperor of Europe said:
Well I happen to think the shift from Roman to Byzantine was gradual. As you very well know there are plenty of different scholars with plenty of different opinions on when the Byzantine Empire started. Some point to the reign of Diocletian others to that of Heraclius. Myself? Well, somewhere inbetween. So what?


The system of recruitment - as you belittle it as - was a profound change of the remnants of the Eastern Roman armies. It also had tactical impact as the subunits not only were recruited in their Theme but also fought in it. All in all it led to armies that were feudal in nature.

No they weren't feudal. Soldiers were free farmers and were paid in money and land grants. Feudalisation and the growing influence of the provincial aristocracy brought about the downfall of this system ...

And troops didn't necessarily fight in their own Theme. They were raised, merged with other forces and sent on campaign. But the sub structure (unit division and stuff) remained the same at least until around 800 ...


Emperor of Europe said:
That doesn't make any sense. Now you're effectively seeing that what made the Western Roman army different was that it survived in the Eastern Roman empire. That's non-sensical.


You are saying that because their army organisation evolved and was different from the classical army of heavy infantry and legions/cohorts is a sign that the empire wasn't Roman ... That's non-sensical.


Emperor of Europe said:
Because things evolve to a point where they are radically different in nature. If we follow your line of reasoning, we would still be living in the stone age or even be amoebas. Well, I don't and I'm not.

No. The point is that there was a lot continuity. You seem to ignore that. What if they had kept Latin as administrative language? Would it then still be Roman?



Emperor of Europe said:
It's easy really. I am telling you that you are a liar, when you say I claimed that Roman emperors with non-Roman ethnicity aren't Roman.

You said that the "Byzantine" emperors weren't Roman because they were Greek.


Emperor of Europe said:
No, honestly, have you read anything about early Byzantine history? About the countless emperors deposed, murdered and new ones raised by the troops every year?

Not that much actually. Not every year. But you claimed that it was "un-Roman" (saying that "Romans" didn't do that). Well they did. Quite often, actually.


Emperor of Europe said:
Face it. The Empire of the Greeks was ruled from Greece, spoke greek, had a fgreek army, a greek administration and a greek culture.

What was particulary "Greek" about the army and administration? Just that they used a Greek terminology after Herakleios' reform?


Emperor of Europe said:
Most of the empire was Greek. Either in mainland greek or along the Hellenized coastline of modern day Turkey.

At one point in history, some years before the Fourth Crusade. Greece was still of only marginal importance manpower and income-wise ...
 

Basileios I

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motiv-8 said:
The last Imperator Romanum was Heraclius, who became first the Persian king and then settled for the Greek Basileus. May just be semantics to you, but to me and I'm guessing some others (such as ERE) it's pretty indicative to a complete change when looked at alongside the reform in administration and language it coincided.


Still it was "Basileios ton Rhomaion" ... ;)

But you are right. This is, where most scholars (and I) see the split between ancient "Roman" and "Byzantine" history. I see the "Byzantine" part as a subdivision of Roman history though, just like the Principate or Dominate.

motiv-8 said:
You're right, Maurice's thematic armies and Leo V's thematic armies are very similar. That's because the complete reform of the army came about with Theophilus's reign, which just happened to be right after the time range you give, either short-sightedly or conveniently to fit your argument. Theophilus reorganized the system down to its core, from theme to bandum to its officers and purpose.

I mentioned that the army was reorganised (mainly by Nikephoros though) in the 9th century.



motiv-8 said:
If you're arguing for continuation between the Roman and Byzantine Empires then yeah I suppose this would be a way to do it.. although not a very prestigious path to take.

Well, it doesn't need to be a prestigious path.


motiv-8 said:
It could also have something to do with -- and Liutprand of Cremona was quick to point this out to Emperor Nicephorus during his visit -- the fact that the "Roman Emperor" didn't even control Rome, while the Holy Roman Emperor did at the time and at many points.

[/i]
Source: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/liudprand1.html

Still this doesn't contradict my point that everyone else called them Roman. ;)

motiv-8 said:
Indeed true, but that ignores the fact that the entire Aegean seaboard, most of Asia Minor, and great swaths of the Near East were Greek, if not ethnically then most certainly culturally. Just because a lot of Greek proper was under slavic control doesn't mean the Empire suddenly wasn't Greek itself. In fact, the catastrophies of the 7th Century did more to homogenize and stabilize the lands than anything else could have.

Yes, but he talked about "Greece" (the land), not about Greeks (the people).
 

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Basileios I said:
No they weren't feudal. Soldiers were free farmers and were paid in money and land grants. Feudalisation and the growing influence of the provincial aristocracy brought about the downfall of this system ...

And by that line of reasoning there never was a feudal system in England either.


And troops didn't necessarily fight in their own Theme. They were raised, merged with other forces and sent on campaign. But the sub structure (unit division and stuff) remained the same at least until around 800 ...

They were raised in their theme and sent to fight in their theme in their individual subunits. So the Byzantine Empire effectively went from a centralized army to a decentralized based on individual provinces.


You are saying that because their army organisation evolved and was different from the classical army of heavy infantry and legions/cohorts is a sign that the empire wasn't Roman ... That's non-sensical.

No, I was asking you what was so Roman about the Byzantine Empire and so far you have been unable to provide an answer.


No. The point is that there was a lot continuity. You seem to ignore that. What if they had kept Latin as administrative language? Would it then still be Roman?

So isn't there continuity from the stone age to the bronze age? From ape to man? And aren't they different anyway. It is you who ignores the basic argument that things can evolve to a point where they assume their own identity.


You said that the "Byzantine" emperors weren't Roman because they were Greek.
'

Lying twice doesn't make it better. So yet again I challenge you to find a quote where I say that.


Not that much actually. Not every year. But you claimed that it was "un-Roman" (saying that "Romans" didn't do that). Well they did. Quite often, actually.

You are misquoting me deliberately, aren't you? Go ahead, fetch that quote.


What was particulary "Greek" about the army and administration? Just that they used a Greek terminology after Herakleios' reform?

That the soldiers were Greek, the commanders were Greek, the language was Greek, the tactics were Greek, the equipment was Greek and the organization was Greek. Enough for you?


At one point in history, some years before the Fourth Crusade. Greece was still of only marginal importance manpower and income-wise ...

Bilge. Greek culture and language was the dominant of the Byzantine Empire. You're not fooling anyone here by posting the only map you can find, where mainland Greece wasn't in Byzantine hands during their heydays.

/EoE
 

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Emperor of Europe said:
No, I was asking you what was so Roman about the Byzantine Empire and so far you have been unable to provide an answer.

Oh, I think I've provided plenty of answer. You just keep repeating: "No! it was Greek!". :wacko:


I want one more answer from you though. Why did everyone, except the Catholic Westerners, call the empire "Roman"? Because your earlier claim, that only their subjects called them "Roman", is wrong.


Emperor of Europe said:
You are misquoting me deliberately, aren't you? Go ahead, fetch that quote.

You said that the Byzantine emperor changed like many other rulers in these times. Through assasination and ursurpations. But I don't get your point. It was also the case in the Roman empire. So saying it was not Roman because of that is nonsense. And there was continuity. After all, it was always the same state, regardless which emperor ruled at the time.

Emperor of Europe said:
That the soldiers were Greek, the commanders were Greek, the language was Greek, the tactics were Greek, the equipment was Greek and the organization was Greek. Enough for you?

What is Greek equipment? What are Greek tactics? Care to explain? What is a Greek organisation?



Emperor of Europe said:
Bilge. Greek culture and language was the dominant of the Byzantine Empire. You're not fooling anyone here by posting the only map you can find, where mainland Greece wasn't in Byzantine hands during their heydays.

You said that Greece was their base of power. Wrong. Case closed. Asia Minor was their base of power.
 

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Well, the same thing is once again happening.
May I ask the opposants of Basileios: Today's France isnt the same as pre-Napoleon France isnt it?
So, istn today's France true France then, or was France backthen not true France?

The same applies to Rome/Byz empire. They are the same, the empire just evolved!!
 
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Osteles said:
Well, the same thing is once again happening.
May I ask the opposants of Basileios: Today's France isnt the same as pre-Napoleon France isnt it?
So, istn today's France true France then, or was France backthen not true France?

The same applies to Rome/Byz empire. They are the same, the empire just evolved!!
Well, we don't have many states around who call France England or vice versa, while the ERE definately was called different names by different peoples.
 

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Tambourmajor said:
Well, we don't have many states around who call France England or vice versa, while the ERE definately was called different names by different peoples.

Only by Westerners after a certain time in history. All other people called them Romans. Even the Ottomans.
 

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Basileios I said:
Oh, I think I've provided plenty of answer. You just keep repeating: "No! it was Greek!". :wacko:

No, you said it was Roman because it survived in Byzans. That is a statement and an opinion. Not a fact. Feel free to re-read your reply.

So what was so Roman about the Byzantine army?


You said that the Byzantine emperor changed like many other rulers in these times. Through assasination and ursurpations. But I don't get your point. It was also the case in the Roman empire. So saying it was not Roman because of that is nonsense. And there was continuity. After all, it was always the same state, regardless which emperor ruled at the time.

So you agree you misquoted me?


What is Greek equipment? What are Greek tactics? Care to explain? What is a Greek organisation?

Sure, the kresamata, klibanion, zaba, bambakion, epilorikion, paramerion, kontarion, bambakion and tzikourion was Byzantine equipment. The combined arms tactics with the cavalry as the main arm was a Byzantine way to fight. And the thema, the tagma and the chiliarchiai were Byzantine unit organizations.


You said that Greece was their base of power. Wrong. Case closed. Asia Minor was their base of power.

What case would that be? The Byzantine empire was still made up of Greeks, who spoke Greek and had a Greek culture.

/EoE