From what I understand you can for example conquer Carthage, empty its population and send Roman population to replace it.
Doing this is a bit cost ineffective.
1 - You can only move a pop to an adjacent province, or across a seazone. Which means that to reach the city of carthage from rome itself, you'd have to go through gibraltar, which is somewhere between 80 and 100 provinces to pass through. Less move it down to 50 if we jump along the coast where possible.
2 - The city of Cartage at the start of the game has 28 pops and the entire province of Carthage has 181 pops. There's 6 other provinces in what is modern Tunisia, but lets disregard that.
3 - Moving pops away from the province of Cartage would be on average 3 moves.
4 - Moving a single pop currently costs 20 civic power.
Lets assume the population growth of Carthage until you take it is offset by the amount of slaves you take from the city as you conquer and occupy it.
Moving all of carthages pops away from the Province of Carthage would cost about 10,860 civic power. 181 pops, 3 moves on average, and cost of 20.
Moving down 13 pops to have 1 pop in each city in the province of Carthage would cost about 15,000 civic power. 15 pops, 50 moves & 20 cost.
A large empire (which gets +3 power bonus due to government rank, if ideas match), with a good ruler would end up with maybe 8 power each month.
A cost of 25860 power, would take about 3230 months to accumulate, or about 270 years. ie, spending pretty much all civic power Rome would get through the entire campaign.
And thats just 1 province.