Why didn't more Incan Imperial family members die of smallpox ?

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olvirki

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Good evening/night/morning/day :).

A thought came to me last night. Why didn't the Incan Imperial family suffer more casualties from smallpox ?

1: The Sapa Incas frequently married their sisters and half sisters.
2: Long term effects of inbreeding is a loss of genetic variation which makes all members of the inbred group vunerable to the same diseases.
3: Three close family members at least died from smallpox, Sapa Inca Huayna Capac, (Sapa Inca ?) Ninan Cuyochi and Sapa Inca Túpac Huallpa.

I do not have a full family tree of the family (I suspect there is much more information than I have buried somewhere on the internet or in books about them) but assuming that the ancestors of the three mentioned and others had married brother to sister for generations their DNA should be largely the same and since those three did die from smallpox its likely that other family members had the same vulnerability. Why didn't f.e. Sapa Inca Manco Inca Yupanqui, who rebelled against the Spanish and began an resistance that lasted for 40 years, die of smallpox like his full brothers, father (and uncle ?, 1st cousin once removed ? 2nd cousin twice removed ?). Why didn't the Incan imperial family fall down like flies, since they had so similar DNA and a few of them fell victim to it ?

I can think of a few explanations.

a) They weren't as inbred you think Olvirki: I am limited to PDFs and the internet (should have bought a book on the Incas and/or pre-Columbian Andes a long time ago), and I have not found out how the relationship was between the parents of Ninan, Túpac and Manco or their grandparents and so on. Was their mother the sister of their father ? Half sister ? Not related ? What about their grandmother ?
b) Its a matter of position: Huayna, Ninan and Túpac were at the wrong place and the wrong time, and therefor contracted smallpox. Manco Inca Yupanqui and others would have died if they were in their place. Those three didn't die from the same outbreak though. Túpac died some years later while he was the puppet ruler for the Spanish. Why didn't Manco Inca Yupanqui die in his time in Cuzco (btw, where was he when Túpac contracted smallpox and died?) or when smallpox struck the army he had sieging Cuzco ?
c) Environmental factors: Some envirormental factors left the three unlucky weaker than (f.e.?) Manco Inca Yupanqui and thus caused their deaths.
d) Somone was having an affair: F.e., maybe Manco Inca Yupanqui mom had an affair which gave him that good gene which led to a 40 year long revolt.
e) Randomness in genetics or epigentics (or general randomness): The family members weren't as related as one might expect, because of a chance. Chance Manco Inca Yupanqui might have given him the resistance he needed.
f) ? I swear I had another explanation but forgot.

Now, what would the effects be if all the Manco Inca Yupanqui and all his fullblooded siplings that survived smallpox had died ? It really depends on when they die. If they all die at the same time as Ninan and Huayna Capac, then the Incas might actually but off more of a resistance/had better luck. Huáscar would have been among the dead, and his half brother Atahualpa, who may have inherited a resistance from Atahualpa's mother, may have been unopposed as Sapa Inca.

I find that scenario to be unlikely though. More likely would be that we have a civil war like we did in our history and but then they full blooded siblings of Ninan die one by one, most after the Spaniards arrive. This leads to greater lack of a Sapa Inca candidate (and fewer rebellion leaders if the Spaniards manage gain control over the Inca empire like they did), although Huayna had sons with many women, and some of them may have been unrelated to him, increasing the life expectancy of these sons. If the Spaniards manage to capture the Sapa Inca like they did in real life or otherwise capture Cuzco this might lower the chance of revolts. If the former ruling family is unexplainably dying at the same time as a conqueror has arrived, I wouldn't find it very strange if people assumed that the gods were signaling a regime change.

I will end my speculation here. Don't focus too much on the possible effects, I am more interested in my original question :).
 
Last edited:

Rubidium

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You forgot:
f) There were a lot of Inca family members. We only remember the prominent ones (and most of the ones who died thus never had a chance to become prominent).
g) Differences in diet/sanitation/treatment/whatever. After all, the later Inca would have had contact with the Spanish, who knew at least a little about caring for smallpox victims.

But a lot of it is certainly luck (and don't forget there are variations in smallpox as well; not all infections are as serious as others, but even a weak infection will give you immunity). Smallpox is devastating, but it doesn't kill everyone. And a member of the imperial family would obviously have access to the best care available (even if that's just clean water and attendants).
 

gagenater

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Even with a considerable degree of inbreeding there is still a lot of genetic variety. You are discounting this factor WAY to much. It should still be in the top 3 factors together with luck of the draw and the fact that smallpox is not a totally lethal disease even in pre contact Peru.
 

olvirki

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You forgot:
f) There were a lot of Inca family members. We only remember the prominent ones (and most of the ones who died thus never had a chance to become prominent).

I actually think we know of quite a few. This website at least has 24 (if I counted correctly) children of Huayna Capac. I don't know whether this is reliable, if everyone is correctly connected to others or if anyone is missing. According to this website no Sapa Inca seems to be the son of siblings, but that does not fit with what I (and probably you as well) have read. But anyway, Huayna has 9 children here with Tocto Coco (which should be the main wive and a relative). Does anyone know what happened to the latter wive ?

g) Differences in diet/sanitation/treatment/whatever. After all, the later Inca would have had contact with the Spanish, who knew at least a little about caring for smallpox victims.

But a lot of it is certainly luck (and don't forget there are variations in smallpox as well; not all infections are as serious as others, but even a weak infection will give you immunity). Smallpox is devastating, but it doesn't kill everyone. And a member of the imperial family would obviously have access to the best care available (even if that's just clean water and attendants).

Yeah those are plausible explanations.

Even with a considerable degree of inbreeding there is still a lot of genetic variety. You are discounting this factor WAY to much. It should still be in the top 3 factors together with luck of the draw and the fact that smallpox is not a totally lethal disease even in pre contact Peru.

Well we are talking about rows of sibling marriages, right ? That has to reduce genetic variety a lot. Wasn't that used to create lab rat populations with nearly identical individuals, which were used before cloning was invented/became feasible ? Although the half sibling marriages would bring in new genes. But yeah, your other points stand.
 

gagenater

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Well we are talking about rows of sibling marriages, right ? That has to reduce genetic variety a lot. Wasn't that used to create lab rat populations with nearly identical individuals, which were used before cloning was invented/became feasible ? Although the half sibling marriages would bring in new genes. But yeah, your other points stand.

In lab animals (and dog breeds) they line breed where the offspring are bred back to the parents. And it usually takes dozens of generations to remove enough genetic variability to get clone like offspring. Inca civilization probably didn't last long enough to get that level of homogeneity in it's royal line. And that's assuming no adultery, no cuckolds, and that our records are complete and accurate (not doctored or fixed in any way) and that the Inca royal family had done this before the records existed too. It seems extraordinarily unlikely that this would have been the case for several hundred years running

There are also numerous documented cases of royal incest in Europe (where all modern nobility are probably more closely related than the Incan royals were to each other), ancient Egypt and the modern Middle East. It does create genetic issues. Hordes of them if you keep it up. But nothing resembling clone like uniformity of appearance or immune systems.
 

Sarmatia1871

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There are also numerous documented cases of royal incest in Europe (where all modern nobility are probably more closely related than the Incan royals were to each other), ancient Egypt and the modern Middle East. It does create genetic issues. Hordes of them if you keep it up. But nothing resembling clone like uniformity of appearance or immune systems.

Yeah. The issue is that point 2 of the original post is based on a misconception. Severe inbreeding can lead to congenital defects and increase the risk of genetic conditions, but isn't necessarily going to lead to a weakened immune system across the board. In some cases, inbred populations are actually more resistant to particular diseases, as genetic resistance is one of the things which is going to be consolidated.

The problems with lack of genetic diversity and disease is more to do with diseases spreading more rapidly across large susceptible populations. And as the whole of the indigenous population of South America is going to be highly susceptible anyway, the variation with any inbred subsets within this is going to be pretty minimal.

And this is before we even get into the issue that with a disease like smallpox, epigenetic and life-history factors are going to be just as (if not more) important than purely genetic factors in resistance.
 

olvirki

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In lab animals (and dog breeds) they line breed where the offspring are bred back to the parents. And it usually takes dozens of generations to remove enough genetic variability to get clone like offspring. Inca civilization probably didn't last long enough to get that level of homogeneity in it's royal line. And that's assuming no adultery, no cuckolds, and that our records are complete and accurate (not doctored or fixed in any way) and that the Inca royal family had done this before the records existed too. It seems extraordinarily unlikely that this would have been the case for several hundred years running

There are also numerous documented cases of royal incest in Europe (where all modern nobility are probably more closely related than the Incan royals were to each other), ancient Egypt and the modern Middle East. It does create genetic issues. Hordes of them if you keep it up. But nothing resembling clone like uniformity of appearance or immune systems.

Ah ok. Well the kingdom of Cuzco was founded around the 12th century and Ninan, Huáscar and the others were 11 generations from the first Sapa Inca. But yeah, you got adultery, half sibling marriages, possible breaks/late starts from/of the tradition and forgery to possibly "mess things up".

Yeah. The issue is that point 2 of the original post is based on a misconception. Severe inbreeding can lead to congenital defects and increase the risk of genetic conditions, but isn't necessarily going to lead to a weakened immune system across the board. In some cases, inbred populations are actually more resistant to particular diseases, as genetic resistance is one of the things which is going to be consolidated.

The problems with lack of genetic diversity and disease is more to do with diseases spreading more rapidly across large susceptible populations. And as the whole of the indigenous population of South America is going to be highly susceptible anyway, the variation with any inbred subsets within this is going to be pretty minimal.

And this is before we even get into the issue that with a disease like smallpox, epigenetic and life-history factors are going to be just as (if not more) important than purely genetic factors in resistance.

You misunderstood me. I know that inbreeding does not lead to a weaker immune system. I said that it can make the individual in the inbred group subsecticle to the same disease. I just didn't mention that it can make the inbred group less likely to die from another disease. I knew that it does not necessarily decrease the life expectancy of an individual (can even increase it, especially if you take into account loss of bad recessive alleles) , but it can decrease the the "life expectancy" of an group.

I guess I underestimated the life expectancy of those that didn't carry the alleles that would eventually spread throughout the Native population because of the natural selection caused by European diseases.