That reminds me: In a recent game I intended to form Italy, so the Pope was obviously one of my first victims. After I seized Rome, he reappeared in some obscure German theocracy. But that German minor was a vassal of the Palatinate, who I think annexed them about 250 years later. But as much as I searched, from that point on I never saw the Papal States on the map. There were still a few Theocracies around, but the Pope didn't take over any of them. But what I did notice was that one of the German minors (not Avignon, though they were still around) had become a Papacy. Does the game sometimes designate a new Pope without a tag switch?