Opening stages of the American campaign, June 15th-July 1st 1943
Battle and invasion of Puerto Rico
On June 14th, Generalissimo Francisco Franco de Bahamonde, Caudillo (the Spanish equivalent of Führer) of Spain declared the Spanish re-annexation of Cuba to a wildly cheering crowd in Madrid. At this occasion, Franco also declared the peace treaty with the United States of 1898 as null and void.
Spanish propaganda poster from the American war.
Admiral Moreno had fled contact with Spruance’s task force westwards, briefly sheltering between the shoals and reefs of the US-occupied Bahamas before beginning a wide eastward sweep north of Cuba and Haiti, finally rejoining Darlan’s battered fleet southeast of Puerto Rico to begin the invasion. General Queipo de Llano had been fuming all the way, impatient for his crowning victory, and landing operations were initiated at once. On June 21st, the US Navy commenced another night engagement, and this time Darlan and Moreno had to give battle in order to protect the landing operation. The attacking force counted the cruisers USS ‘San Juan’ and USS ‘Atlanta’, a destroyer division and several flotillas of Salmon-class submarines. While the surface ships presented little more than target practice for Darlan’s grim battlewagons, the subs were a tougher nut to crack. The French Flotte Atlantique was severely short on destroyers, but fortunately for Admiral Darlan, the Spanish were not. Still, several torpedo hits were scored on some of the capital ships of the combined fleet and considerable damage was suffered before the last subs had been driven off or destroyed. Matters could have been considerably worse for the axis had it not been for the unbelievably poor quality of the US standard submarine torpedo (or sub-standard torpedo, as sub crew joke went), the Mk-14. During this engagement fully 1/3 of the hits were duds.
The Mk-14 torpedo. Its abysmal performance contributed to the US defeat off Puerto Rico
After the battle the battered French and Spanish fleets were withdrawn to Europe for much needed repair, temporarily surrendering naval supremacy to the Americans, but the engagement still sealed the fate of Puerto Rico, as it allowed Queipo de Llano’s troops to occupy the undefended island. The bizarre General installed himself as “Governor General of the West Indies” and sent a steady stream of administrative orders over radio to his subaltern, Lt General Lopez-Pinto on Cuba. As an administrator, General Queipo de Llano was not incompetent, as had been shown by the way he ran Seville and Andalusia almost as a private Empire during the Civil war, and the local industries were soon making a steady output of goods usable by the Spanish forces of occupation.
Battle of Puerto Rico, June 21-23rd, 1943
The leap to Canada
To the OKW, the diversionary operations in the Caribbean dictated by “Operation Mars” seemed to be working out according to plan, since there was next to no activity by the US Navy in the waters around Newfoundland. By direct orders of the Führer, now also in charge of the OKH as Commander of the Heer, the second wave of troops that had originally been intended to wait on Newfoundland for the third wave before taking part in a landing on the mainland was directed to land in the port of Havre-St. Pierre.
The German leap to the mainland, June 26th, 1943
Havre-St. Pierre province lacked a suitable invasion beach, and therefore the Canadian Army had not defended the area with any strong forces. Instead, four divisions guarded the likeliest spot for invasion in Halifax. The only US presence in the area was five squadrons of B-17D 'Flying Fortress' bombers based on airfields spread out around the province.
Early in the morning of June 26th, several US Army Air Corps bases in the vicinity of Havre St-Pierre came under very heavy attacks by Bf-110G long-range fighters and Ju-88 medium bombers. Many B-17Ds were shot to pieces or blown up on the ground, and casualties were so heavy that the local commander, Lt General McKay, decided to evacuate his planes. The ungainly B-17s took heavy looses from Bf-110G cannon fire while taking off, but surprisingly many of them made it off the ground in one piece, a tribute to the ruggedness of their construction and the ubiquity of their defensive armament. As his own bomber was taking off, McKay received a radio message from the tiny Canadian garrison at Havre-St. Pierre asking for bomber support, since they were under attack by German paras.
German Fallschirmjägers land near Havre-St. Pierre, June 26th 1943
Following the behind the fighters and bombers strafing the US air bases had been the Ju-252’s of Lt General Bogatsch Luftflotte V, carrying the 20.000 paratroopers of Lt General Kurt Student’s I. Fallschirmjägerkorps. The two divisions of the Korps made a daring low-level jump over the city and the surrounding areas at 7:00 hours and scarcely met any resistance. Very soon, Student’s crack troops had secured the city centre and the harbour installations. Attempts at demolition were swiftly and ruthlessly dealt with, and in fact the speed of the airborne assault had been such that the surprised handful of Canadian soldiers guarding the harbour barely had time to pick up their weapons before they were being rounded up and disarmed. As the paras fanned out, securing an ever-wider perimeter around the city, grey shapes loomed into sight through the morning sea mist – the battleships, destroyers and transports of the 1. and 2. Truppentransporter- flotten, carrying Guderian’s 2. Panzerarmee and Rommel’s 3. Panzerarmee. By June 28th, both armies had been completely unloaded and the transport fleets were sent away to Newfoundland to pick up the bulk of the German forces there. By July 1st, 1. Armee, XIII. Armeekorps and XXVI. Armeekorps had been transported to the mainland, and Generalfeldmarschall von Bock moved the HQ of his Heeresgruppe A to Havre-St. Pierre, while Bf-109G fighter and Stukas joined Ju-88s and Bf-110Gs in taking over the airfields deserted by the US Army Air Corps bombers.
Skirmish at Hatteras plain
During the critical phase of the landing operation, the US Navy did little to engage the Germans. On June 28th, a wolf pack of II. Unterseebootsflotte spotted and attacked two lone carriers in the North-west Hatteras Plain area, damaging one of them before calling in the Fw-200 Condor naval bombers of Luftflotte IX at St Johns. The Condors of the Küstenfliegerkorps did spot one of the carriers despite appalling weather conditions but were driven off by carrier fighters. Just in case, Grossadmiral Raeder ordered the Hochseeflotte and Admiral Cunningham’s Home Fleet to sweep the area, but no further contact was made.
A US Navy carrier hit by a German torpedo. Apparently, the damage looks worse than it was.