War in the East, June 25th-July 1st, 1941
The Eastern Front, June 25th 1941
Guderian at the gates of Moscow – The Red Army flexes its muscles
As he was having breakfast at a field kitchen on the morning of June 26th, Luftwaffe reconnaissance reports from Moscow gave Guderian a severe shock: not only was the capital itself defended by more than 30 divisions, including 9 Tank Divisions, but even worse, there was something like 70 Red Army divisions, the largest concentration of Soviet might so far seen since the outbreak of hostilities, advancing from Kalinin towards Vitebsk on the left flank of 2. Panzerarmee. All in all, the Soviets had nearly 100 divisions facing the front of 1. Panzerarmee. Guderian shuddered in awe

despite the summer heat and immediately called off the advance on Moscow. For the first time in his operational carrier, “Hasty Heinz” was digging in.
Apparently, the Soviet leadership did not feel very confident despite their numbers in front of Moscow, because like in Leningrad they mobilized the Opolchenye militia and ordered the construction of additional fortifications. A direct German assault on Moscow now seemed completely out of the question.
The Nanking Massacre
On June 25th, there began to filter news from China to the western press that the Japanese Army was engaging in a veritable massacre in the occupied Chinese capital Nanking (Nanjing) since its fall on June 18th. There were reports of mass executions, of “10,000 corpse-ditches” being filled, mass rapes, plunder and terror. The free world, what remained of it, was horrified.
The Imperial Army enters Nanking, June 18th, 1941
In the Europe of the New Order such news was naturally suppressed by censorship, instead “Völkischer Beobachter”, “Le Monde” and the “Times” had big coverage on the Rumanian re-annexation of Bessarabia and the entry of the South East Asian Kingdom of Siam into the Axis. The Pacific Pact would in turn respond by including Mexico among its members four days later. A line was being drawn across the world.
Advance and consolidation
The German advance continued all across the front, in most cases without encountering resistance. Rezekne fell to XIII. Armeekorps on June 25th. Hausser’s 1. SS-Panzerarmee drove through the Perekop isthmus into the Crimea, taking the fortress of Sevastopol without firing a shot on the 26th, the same day XIII. Armeekorps captured Pskov. When 20. Armee tried to push on to the Volkhov river, they ran into serious resistance though. The debris from the fall of Leningrad had been skilfully reorganised by the Red Army General Vlassov and thanks to their superior numbers and skillfull leadership by Vlassov the green militia troops put up a terrific fight. The Germans had to pay for every inch of ground with blood, and although they meted out terrible punishment, it took four days of brutal fighting before resistance crumbled. All of Salmuth’s divisions had suffered 15-20% casualties, but they had ultimately won the day through superior firepower and training. Among the spoils of war was General Vlassov himself. Angered by Stavka’s adamant refusal to his pleas to allow his forces to retreat before they were destroyed, he decided to stay with his troops and be captured.
In the south von Weichs’s 12. Armee captured Kirovgrad and Hausser Rostov on June 28th, in both cases without resistance. Forward of the Dniepr, only Odessa remained to the Soviets, and it fell to the Romanians on the 29th.
von Manstein to the rescue!
On June 28th, 3. Panzerarmee, after driving non-stop from Leningrad assaulted Vitebsk straight from the march. The massive reinforcements from Kalinin had only recently arrived, all of 66 divisions (10 had stayed in Kalinin and 6 were already in Vitebsk) and had not yet dug in. Furthermore, the units were apparently recently formed and hardly battle worthy, because otherwise it’s next to impossible to understand how Manstein’s seven divisions could almost effortlessly rout nearly ten times their own number. In any case, Vitebsk was in German hands by 21:00 hours and the gigantic Red Army force was in headlong retreat towards Kalinin, having suffered bloody losses. In Moscow, Luftwaffe scouting now counted no less than 9 Tank formations and more than 20 infantry divisions with some cavalry to top it off. Guderian was expecting an enemy counterattack within hours, and was immensely relieved when he got news of Manstein’s victory on the exposed left flank.
Guderian also got some unexpected support when Brazilian and Japanese naval bombers, apparently planning to act in a ground support role now that the Baltic had been closed to the Soviets, were based to the Kaluga region shortly after the fall of Vitebsk.
Battle of Pinsk – More Allies arrive
On June 29th, with battles still raging in Tichvin and Vitebsk, 11. Armee attacked the Soviet forces in Pinsk. These three divisions, the survivors of the defeat in Rovno, were quickly overwhelmed and pulled back against Bialystok which had turned into a pocket of its own. Further west, Bobrjusk and Mozyr remained unconquered but they were not defended. On this day the first foreign expeditionary force under German command arrived in Lwow, the Yugoslavian Expeditionary Army under General Nedic. The allied and satellite formations had with the exception of the Romanians, who were fighting their own little war along the Black Sea coast, seen little action so far, but were considered useful for holding inactive sectors and allow the concentration of German troops against the points of greatest resistance. Such a point had now been conclusively identified in Moscow, and Wehrmach forces now began to converge in this sector for the final attack on the capital, leading to a stabilization of the northern half of the front – the Panzers were simply waiting for the infantry to catch up, since not even the most reckless Panzer Commander would have attacked the vastly superior and heavily fortified forces in Moscow without full support. Von Bock set up the new headquarters of Heeresgruppe NORD in Minsk on July 1st. It would fall on him, rather than von Klüge’s Heresgruppe MITTE, still embroiled in the fighting around Bialystok, to organize the Moscow offensive – operation Taifun.
The Eastern Front, July 1st, 1941
More Stukas for Goering
By this time, the new batch of Stuka-Geschwadern had reached operational status and had been added to Rudel’s Luftflotte V. To allow for more tactical flexibility, Luftflotte V was split into X. and XII. Fliegerkorps, each with one Bf-109E-4/B fighter-bomber squadron and four Stuka squadrons. As commander of XII. Fliegerkorps was chosen General der Flieger Weise.
The Far Eastern front
In the Far East, the Communist advance continued. Mao’s guerrillas had cleared Shijazhuang of Japanese by July 1st and in Manchuria, a Soviet division had taken Harbin. The Nationalist Chinese had not been able to make any gains though. The only positive news for the Axis on this front was that Manchukuo forces had crossed the Amur River and captured an area on the Soviet bank called Blagovesjtjensk.
The Far Eastern Front, July 1st, 1941