(A ''big'' peasant siding with the conservatives, if not the reaction. Pejorative, not factual)
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The word "kulak" originally referred to wealthy peasants in the Russian Empire. The original relevance of the word changed rapidly during the early 20th century. It simply defined people whom opposed the collectivization of the Soviet agriculture. In the social class hierarchy the "kulaks" were enemies of the Soviet peasants living below the standard.
From the 1920's until the mid-1930's the Soviets planned about major reforms, industrial and economic, modernizing the Soviet Karelia. However, they were lacking of laborers, good in quality. It was known that the support of socialism, communism and the labor movement was strong among the Finnish-Americans industrial workers, lumberjacks and miners. So, the Soviets started recruiting these people living in the North America. Until 1935 this recruitment generated so called "Return Migration" while approximately 10 000 Finnish-Americans from the US and Canada moved to the Soviet Karelia. The former Americans and Canadians established and constructed self-sufficient societies, small villages living in harmony in their new homeland. However, this trend was interrupted while from the mid-1930's Stalin renewed his plans considering the Soviet Karelia. The Finnish-Americans resisted the collectivization of their property and thus therefore they were considered as "kulaks".
In brief, an equivalent of a "kulak" outside the Russosphere can be described as an individual, opposing the prevailing social order.
From the 1920's until the mid-1930's the Soviets planned about major reforms, industrial and economic, modernizing the Soviet Karelia. However, they were lacking of laborers, good in quality. It was known that the support of socialism, communism and the labor movement was strong among the Finnish-Americans industrial workers, lumberjacks and miners. So, the Soviets started recruiting these people living in the North America. Until 1935 this recruitment generated so called "Return Migration" while approximately 10 000 Finnish-Americans from the US and Canada moved to the Soviet Karelia. The former Americans and Canadians established and constructed self-sufficient societies, small villages living in harmony in their new homeland. However, this trend was interrupted while from the mid-1930's Stalin renewed his plans considering the Soviet Karelia. The Finnish-Americans resisted the collectivization of their property and thus therefore they were considered as "kulaks".
In brief, an equivalent of a "kulak" outside the Russosphere can be described as an individual, opposing the prevailing social order.
While originally referring to Race rather than class, Uncle Tom has morphed into a closer meaning in usage in the US.
For Ex.
Well off African American conservatives who support the GOP line on taxes and immigration especially those who are paid by or have relationships with right wing media get that treatment.
Lower class blacks who vote GOP because of social conservatism or "Obama didn't do anything for the black community' don't get called that nearly as much.
For Ex.
Well off African American conservatives who support the GOP line on taxes and immigration especially those who are paid by or have relationships with right wing media get that treatment.
Lower class blacks who vote GOP because of social conservatism or "Obama didn't do anything for the black community' don't get called that nearly as much.
in dutch the term "hereboer" was used (literally lord farmer), bassicly a farmer who had enough land that he could set up a mini-feudal system on it with tenants loaning some farmland in exchange for them working his part of the farmland making it so that he didn't have to work his own land
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Yeoman is the British equivalent, but it has very, very different connotations. In the capitalist west a rich independent farmer is an icon of all that is good about the system and those terms that describe them tend to be used in a positive light.
The equivalent terms tend to refer to the poor - trailer trash, hicks, etc.
The equivalent terms tend to refer to the poor - trailer trash, hicks, etc.
I don't think you can expect every country to have the same social class structure. There isn't an equivalent term in English because we didn't have the same social attitudes. Peasant is perjorative but yeoman is anything but.
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Storbonde, in the scandinavian language, literly a farmer who owned alot of land. And was on the side of the Conservatives.
I know that one might have not expected it, but not in all ex-USSR countries word "kulak" was used. In Ukraine they were called kurkul' (куркуль).
Maybe the word "master"? You were asking for a pejorative equalent, after all. A master could be considered some smug landholder who lords injustly over others.
master also has positive connotations as it designates mastery in a profession or skill
Master is not a social class. It is a mere title. And an unofficial one at that.
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