~ SNIP~
I really like the idea of trade routes providing certain buffs to planets, or even Systems. I could imagine that a multi-habitable planet system would have a much higher attraction for trade routes than that lonely one planet system, so the likelyhood of a trade route generating/spawning should depend on the total amount of pops in a system.
Not sure about corporations being so powerful to rival political factions, but I could think of factions supporting corporations in general.
Trade routes should be visible on the map, and it might add some flavour if they would follow hyperlanes. Inside one empire, these trade routes could establish themselve once the empire has reached a certain size, but I would not really give it to the player to control where that is, but rather have the player come up with a good solution on how to max out the buffs the trade route provides.
Additionally, a trade route should lower the cost of consumer goods for a planet. I could also think of trade routes slowly expanding, like a snake through the Galaxy. First, it only connects a sector capital with another, than it continues to the main empire capital, on over the boarders to another empire, and so on. It would add some flavor to the Galactic history, of how one Trade Route began to encompass the entire Galaxy, and would also add a political dimension, as all those empires profiting from this trade route would not want one provider to fall prey to some fanatic purifiers!
Buffs could skale with the length and amount of planets effected by the trade route.
It might be cool if there would be different kinds of trade routes, having different effects. Here are some examples I came up with:
Earth - Cadia - Trondor Mineral Trade Route (goes from Earth over Cadia to Trondor)
Planets : 3 (buffs skaling with amount of effected planets)
Effect: Mineral Production +8% (+2% per planet buff)
Trondor - Unity Slave Trade Route
Planets: 2
Effect: Slave production +4%
Cadia - Unity - Phoenix - Trondor Gemstone Route
Planets: 4
Effect: Energy output + 10%
There could be more types of trade routes for science, food, effecting Robots etc.