Soviets did. Not to the point of "we can't penetrate those panzers with anything else" germans had with KVs and T34s at the start of war, but AT shell of 85mm AA could penetrate anything 'till mid-'43; from a respectable range, too.And besides the germans I'm not aware of anyone using AA guns against tanks widely
Penetration is a factor of range: if you had to get those tanks at 100m before firing, you did. While obsolete by the start of war (it was ~5 year old by then, after all), its (relatively) small size and good mobility allowed for such uses, especially by guerilla units. Not to mention that any artillery piece is more versatile than simple anti-tank.I'm not sure why the soviets built so many 45mm AT guns, I think it is well know they couldn't penetrate the better armoured tanks like Tiger, T-34 and Panther. Maybe they could penetrate Panzer 4's?
Also, note that you don't necessarily have to penetrate front armour of a tank: it can be turned to the side using its own momentum - just gotta disable its track while the tank is moving. Simply stopping its advance is also enough - part of the reason why AT rifles were a thing for so long (despite having same penetration ability at 100m as 37mm AA guns had at 1km) and why panzers got those additional armour plates protecting their transmission and such.
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