Note that a lot of the "technology" in-game is social innovation; things like "The Constitution" or "The Enlightenment" aren't physical objects per se, but represent ideas shaping your country. That's one reason why I've always seen Westernization as including an element of social restructuring (on the order of Peter the Great's Russia or the Five Civilized Tribes), in order to allow new ideas to percolate more readily through society (thus why your tech costs go down to the western level).
Good point. But let's get this... ideas such as you describe enter the Westernizing nation (I'll take Japan as prototype) but their meanings change. The Japanese Imperial Constitution has little to do with European liberal ideas; the divinity of the Emperor was clearly stated; the rights of speech or movement were defined as granted by the divine Emperor, and the Diet was defined as advisory body to assist the Emperor in legislative works, not independent from the Emperor. These are just a couple of examples that the "tool" known as the Constitution found a different application. Likewise, "the Enlightenment" was understood as a propaganda tool to encourage Japan to acquire Western knowledge, particularly in areas of science and technology. Japan had a civil war during its "Westernization" process, as represented by the revolt risk in the game. That's fine, but neither side of the civil war - Imperial and Shogunate - was fighting for an imported Western idea. The Restoration took place in form of reviving a defunct yet existing political organ. As a result, Japan before and after the Restoration is still fundamentally Japanese, with Japanese values, norms and social systems, and certainly not European. So, France and Japan both research "The Enlightenment." Does it mean the same thing to both nations? Probably not. Is it useful to both nations? Probably.
Sure, the "Westernization" of the Five Tribes had a much more assimilatory aspect to it. But that's quite understandable, given the proximity and the pressure. Adopting religion is a big thing in the process, but even then, adopting a European religion does not mean an automatic value shift. I can't say much about them nor about Russia because I'm simply not a part of their worlds, I cannot see how their value system works, how their society functions, how they interact with each other, how similar or different their behaviors are in comparison to "Western" cultures, etc. But this is one thing I can say with confidence; a Shamanist may convert, but still believes in the new God as if he's worshipping a new god (smallcase). You can dress a farmer in business suit, but he will still think and act like a farmer. Give muskets to a samurai, the samurai will still hold on to Samurai ethos, etc.
And just an added note on the game itself. The pop-up for completing Westernization now gives a short text that tells you exactly this: they successfully modernized their military to the Western standard. It doesn't say anything else about it. There used to be just "We're done!" with OK button, but now they give more hint on what they think of in-game Westernization is. It doesn't say "now we join the rank of the European nations as one of their equals" or "we're not uncivilized nation we're used to be, now we got it for real." No, just the military.