What's different in his quotes to the Catholic translation?
Well, there is no official one streamlined "Catholic Translation" of the Bible, and there are many different ones. Here are four I will use for examples- the septuaginta(began 3rd century BC and was completed by 132 BC), the Vulgate(384), the Douay-Rhiems(OT 1582/ NT 1610), the Revised Standard Version(1965-1966) and the New American(1970-currently used in Novus Ordo lectionaries for English Masses) translations.
I know that my redeemer lives,
and that in the end he will stand on the earth.
Job 19:25
"οἶδα γὰρ ὅτι ἀέναός ἐστιν ὁ ἐκλύειν με μέλλων ἐπὶ γῆς."
"Scio enim quod redemptor meus vivit, et in novissimo die de terra surrecturus sum"
"For I know that my Redeemer liveth, and in the last day I shall rise out of the earth."
"For I know that my Redeemer lives, and at last he will stand upon the earth"
"As for me, I know that my vindicator lives, and that he will at last stand forth upon the dust."
For you created my inmost being;
you knit me together in my mother’s womb.
I praise you because I am fearfully and wonderfully made;
your works are wonderful,
I know that full well.
Psalm 139:13-14
"ἔγνων ὅτι ποιήσει κύριος τὴν κρίσιν τοῦ πτωχοῦ καὶ τὴν δίκην τῶν πενήτων. πλὴν δίκαιοι ἐξομολογήσονται τῷ ὀνόματί σου, καὶ κατοικήσουσιν εὐθεῖς σὺν τῷ προσώπῳ σου."
"Quia tu possedisti renes meos; suscepisti me de utero matris meae. Confitebor tibi, quia terribiliter magnificatus es; mirabilia opera tua, et anima mea cognoscit nimis."
"For thou hast possessed my reins: thou hast protected me from my mother' s womb. I will praise thee, for thou art fearfully magnified: wonderful are thy works, and my soul knoweth right well."
"For thou didst form my inward parts, thou didst knit me together in my mother's womb. I praise thee, for thou art fearful and wonderful. Wonderful are thy works! Thou knowest me right well;"
"You formed my inmost being; you knit me in my mother’s womb. I praise you, because I am wonderfully made; wonderful are your works! My very self you know."
Everyone who competes in the games goes into strict training.
They do it to get a crown that will not last,
but we do it to get a crown that will last forever.
1 Corinthians 9:25
N/A
"Omnis autem qui in agone contendit, ab omnibus se abstinet, et illi quidem ut corruptibilem coronam accipiant: nos autem incorruptam."
"And every one that striveth for the mastery, refraineth himself from all things: and they indeed that they may receive a corruptible crown; but we an incorruptible one."
"Every athlete exercises self-control in all things. They do it to receive a perishable wreath, but we an imperishable."
"Every athlete exercises discipline in every way. They do it to win a perishable crown, but we an imperishable one."
At this, she bowed down with her face to the ground. She asked him, “Why have I found such favor in your eyes that you notice me—a foreigner?”
Ruth 2:10
"καὶ ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον αὐτῆς καὶ προσεκύνησεν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν Τί ὅτι εὗρον χάριν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς σου τοῦ ἐπιγνῶναί με; καὶ ἐγώ εἰμι ξένη."
"Quae cadens in faciem suam et adorans super terram, dixit ad eum: Unde mihi hoc, ut invenirem gratiam ante oculos tuos, et nosse me dignareris peregrinam mulierem?"
"She fell on her face and worshipping upon the ground, said to him: Whence cometh this to me, that I should find grace before thy eyes, and that thou shouldst vouchsafe to take notice of me a woman of another country?"
"Then she fell on her face, bowing to the ground, and said to him, "Why have I found favor in your eyes, that you should take notice of me, when I am a foreigner?""
"Casting herself prostrate upon the ground, she said to him, “Why should I, a foreigner, be favored with your attention?”"