I'm not seeing much consensus here on definitions. We need to speak the same language, have the words mean the same things.
You are looking at ship's strength the wrong way. 10% is not "just about to sink." It's 10% away from being so crippled that sinking is inevitable. I look at ship Strength as a measure of how battle worthy the ship is, A ship at 10% strength is not unseaworthy and 0% does not mean literally sunk. The USS Yorktown was at 0% after the battle of Midway despite still being afloat for the next two days.
0% means that the ship is as good as sunk even though it might still be afloat "IRL."
10% means MASSIVELY damaged but still very much seaworthy.
This is why I don't like the idea of ships having a risk of sinking due to storms especially at 90%. You would be fired from the Royal Navy if your ship was at risk for sinking due to storms after one hit. These are Metal battleships, not wooden schooners. They don't get upset by anything short of a hurricane.
The effects of Damage control is better handled by a doctrine called "damage control" that would work with the naval doctrine tech tree the same way the hospital techs in the current game work with the land tech tree. Couple that with naval combat events like "catastrophic hit" and "Fire" that have a chance of popping up anytime a ship is damaged. The chance and duration of these events would be affected by the ship's current strength, org, experience, and damage control tech. A ship at 95% strength is unlikely to catch fire when hit with or without effective damage control, but a ship at 30% strength has a much greater chance of being sunk by that next hit.
Did storm-sinking happen in reality? Yes.
Did ship sink after receiving minimal damage that got blown out of proportion? Certainly.
Would Paradox get brutally murdered in critical reception, not to mention having their forums filled with rank after rank of "THIS GAME SUX MY SHIP SANK AT 95% strength!" posts, if people started losing ship at 90%? HELL YES.
Of course that doesn't mean you should always pander to the critics. After all, Paradox is not and probably will never be a mainstream game maker, so there will always be thing the critics won't like. However, you have to weight the pros and cons of defying the critics.
And frankly, the pros of this move...are pretty limited. The number of ships that sank in storms during the war is extremely low (Halsey's Typhoon and one or two other cases, I think?), so the increase in realism from adding it in is minimal. As others have noted, strength is probably best understood as including "Will it be able to return to base", so no benefits to adding losses from minimal damage there.
Ultimately, I just don't see how the benefits of your idea outweigh its massive disadvantages in terms of popular reception.