5. cavalry
So, many people here already know that, while early medieval european warfare was dominated by infantry, since Carolingian times cavalry became supreme force on the battlefield. (in Eastern Europe Alans and Bolgarse started to rely on heavy cavalry even earlier). Not everybody realising how much dominant cavalry was (myth about peasant levies undoubtedly was a factor). Arguably carolingian army (real feudal army, not counting garnisons and militya) was entirely made from
cavalry (numbers are debatable, remember...). Things stayed that way for most of High Middle Ages (
_,
_,
_ - note how unexpected militia resistance was in last example). In fact, in
one case chronicler describe use of foot (dismounted?) sergeants in battle as some sort of groundbreaking innovation
Here important to remember that knights and sergeants WILL fight on foot* if required, like during sieges (on both sides) or in uneven terrain. In other words "Armored Footmen" often wasn't footmen at all.
Interestingly, there also
number of
examples when infantry was mentioned by chronists as part of knightly army yet did nothing in battle itself, or when commanders
attempted to use cavalry only and use infantry only as last resort. In
some cases there clarification that foot forces present were just armed servants, guarding camp/baggage train. And presumably other support forces (archers/crossbowmen also usually counted among foot troops, separation of melee infantry is modern videogame concept).After all, medieval warfare was characterised by sieges, and while knights would assault walls, they definitely wouldn't dig trenches or cobble ladders
Another interesting thing, scottish schiltron are quite famous example of infantry successfully resisting cavalry, and it often depicted as scottish commoner militia fighting snobbish english aristocrats, utilising underdog narrative (i heard that many in Scotland dont like such depictions, since in reality Scotland was affluent and highly developed feudal kingdom too). Truth is, often schiltrons was formed from
dismounted knights (note composition of scottish army) - they had inferior horses, often slightly lighter equipment and less experience in mounted combat, so they improvised.
*here we have interesting trend in french doctrine. At
Crécy they used series of classic cavalry charges, which was defeated in large part thank to superior position of english. Modern tests show that longbows aren't nearly as effective against good armor as many believe, but presumably was perfectly effective against unarmored horses. And daggers and short swords of archers was proved quite effective against knights that has just fallen from horses... At
Poitiers, where english again had superior position, they at first attacked mounted, then continued their futile attacks on foot. At
Agincourt almost all of their cavalry dismounted and charged on foot (uphill, on muddy terrain...), with even more disastrous results. Then, at
Verneuil, they (and their scottish allies) dismounted again, while hired milanese knights attacked mounted, but this time with armored horses. They charged through english line like bunch of bowling balls, then started to rob their camp, assuming that battle already won. Had french followed their attack with old fashioned charge this would be the case, but instead english had time to regroup, and defeat them.
Notably, after that french returned to
older doctrine, and
used it more or less successfully until the end of 16th century...