Great european powers could not occupy big areas of other european nations, it was too expensive. Just think at all the troops you need to keep mobilized to occupy a piece of France, villages, cities, with a population in constant turmoil.
They usually came to agreement with the enemy and put some areas under military occupations until the war reparations were paid.
I would make the conquest of big patches of PROPER land (of recognized/civilized countries) un-economical. Unless you already have a minority/majority population of your own culture already there. Or historical claims recognized by your own people or other countries. Or if said territories have a small population and you have many migrants to dump there.
100% this. Taking some random part of, say, France without any real basis or justification should be a disaster for your nation, both for domestic, and for foreign policy
Your people should object to taking a land they see no connection to. Other world powers should see you as a madman, a problem for international stability that has to be eliminated
Realistically, what would make it harder for Germany to control France than for, say, the United Kingdom to control India? India had a much larger population and land area, in addition to be located halfway around the world, so it seems like India should be harder to control.
Obviously that France already had highly educated, nationalist, self conscious society with strong feeling of identity and national pride. Not sure about XIX century India or China
Rare? See below.
Tell that to: Alexander the Great, Roman Empire, Egypt, Mongol Empire, Persian Empire, Han Dynasty, Ottoman Empire, Umayyad Caliphate, Spanish Empire, British Empire, Russian Empire, Holy Roman Empire, even the United States. Many lasted for centuries and all conquered huge parts of their known worlds.
You do realise that XIX century is slightly different than ancient/medieval era? Yes, large uncivilized areas could be colonized. I am waiting for example of large conquest between "civilized" Or "recognized" Countries
As for your examples: United States colonized, same with British Empire. Spanish Empire is also not within Vic3 timeframe.
No, XIX century world should be difficult to break apart. Look how Ottomans were disintegrating for 100 years, yet it took until WW1 to dismantle their empire. Great powers were protecting stability. I think only Late game you should be able to do major world changing wars. Or at least it should be very difficult, and you would need really overwhelming advantage