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Raphael
May 23, 2000
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Hi everybody,

I would like to talk about a problem concerning declaration of wars. I've seen in the AAR of the CG, and it's the same thing in the BG, that you can declare war against anybody with no casus belli (official justification). You only lose stability.

Isn't anybody surprised by that kind of declaration ? In the classical age, it doesn't seem to me that a monarch would declare war against someone with no casus belli. Of course, the casus belli would have been sometimes only a pretext, and the real reason would have been annexation or something else. But all the sovereigns would have done anything to have a casus belli. Because, in these times, the diplomatic ideology was very different than ours. A sovereign with non legitimacy to attack another or to pretend to rule some of its provinces would have risked to be contested (by his population, aristocracy or by the other powers). He would have been perceived as some kind of anarchist by the other kings, whether kings always worried so much about order and legitimacy (their power depends on it). 'If you don't respect legitimacy, what can be respected' would have said other kings.

Today, the legitimacy is also very important, even if realpolitik has invaded diplomatic thinking. We can deal with s/o who don't respect legitimacy, because we have learnt how to live with amoral people, we live with them and sometimes we are one of them (I can't hide ;-) ). Moreover realpolitik doesn't exclude casus belli. The difference between today and classical age to my sense is that the casus belli in the 150 last years are sometimes really more cynical (remember the casus belli of Hitler to attack Poland in 39: an attack made by some of his men disguised in polish soldiers against a german frontier post, if I remember well).

I think realpolitk would have been an anachronism in the modern age. The closest ideology to realpolitik is machiavelism (and the princes who applied it, Borja or Sforza in Italy) : if you have a look at 'the prince', it is said that you have to simulate having a legitimate reason to attack. I've got one other example : it's Frederick the Great, who attacked sometimes with very contestable casus belli (in the Seven Years war he claimed for some parts of Silesia with very contestable reasons - this is also recollection, so I can have a little edformed History).

So if someone can give me examples of wars made with no casus belli in the game period, even if CB were not the real reason, I'm interested in. Because I'm not sure at all that it happened. Also, to my opinion, if it happened sometimes, it didn't happen in most cases, and was more exception than rule.

Now I know that the game can not deal with some CB. But couldn't the concept of casus belli be extended to include most of the historical ones ? Dynastic ones were the most importants and the game can deal with them. Also true about religious, alliance matters. The concept would have to be really extended, so that wars can occur frequently.

I must also explain that I had this idea when I read the AAR, or see people playing the BG. Some of them only acts like provinces devourers. I can understand that some people like it, everybody plays like he wants of course, but this is not my conception of historical games. Maybe something like an option between mandatory and optional CB (if possible) would be great ! Everybody would then have the freedom to behave the way he wants to.

I've also seen some BG players in others forums that also dislike this devoring behaviour.

This is only a opened debate for EU II, as I think this kind of concept can't be changed now in the next to be released one... and maybe I would be the only one who want it.

Thanks for all answers. And I hope this problem is not too abstract or philosophical.

God ! What a long message. I hope someone will read it all :)

Raf
 

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Raf,

So if someone can give me examples of wars made with no casus belli in the game period

I don't think that ever happened (in Europe)... Perhaps some border conflicts/raids sometimes escalated to all out war, but then that in itself would be a good CB. However, the CBs used were often pretty pathetic pretexts. For example, Peter the Great had enormous trouble inventing one to explain his declaration of war on Sweden so eventually he settled on claiming that he had been badly treated during a visit to Riga.

I think that the system (or what I know of it) in EU sounds pretty good. Attacking a nation 'without CB' is a lot like Peter's weak excuse (however, I don't think his 'stability' suffered for it :)).

I've also seen some BG players in others forums that also dislike this devoring behaviour.

Yes - I don't like it - even if I am not a BG player. However, I would prefer to introduce the concept of language/ethnic groups to fix this. I.e. massive revolts should easily break out in territories of very different ethniticity. Like with religion, the player would have to set his 'tolerance' towards them, meaning he could choose to force his culture on them or let them be, leaving the local aristocracy in charge (and risk revolts later on, when his stability runs low).

For example, you would have Latin, Scandinavian, Teutonic, Anglo-Saxon, Slavic, Ugrian, Turk and Arab groups. So, Scandinavian provinces taken by Sweden would be less likely to revolt than Teutonic, which would be less likely to revolt than Slavic, etc. Population levels would naturally play a part too.

/Doomie
 

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Raphael
May 23, 2000
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Thanks again for replying, Doomie.

Nice anecdote about Peter the Great. I've always read that the Great Northern War began by the declaration of war of August II of Saxe and Poland. And I thought that, because of the alliance made with him and Denmark, who also declared war, Peter the Great had to attack. So I didn't know he had a different official CB.

In fact, the offensive alliance was probably not a sufficient casus belli in front of a diplomat. The russian diplomat who brought the declaration of war needed something more to justify it... even if I don't know if he felt very well in his shoes when he gave the CB you said. :)

About my proposal of mandatory CB, I don't think it's a problem. If an alliance is a CB, then the situation of the Great Northern War deals with the game. And otherwise, maybe you can say that a few kings has this ability : the Borja Popes, one or two Sforza in Milano, Frederick the Great and Peter the Great ; also two or three other tzars, like Ivan the terrible maybe. But I don't like this kind of exception, as it makes the rules always very long, difficult to program, and complex to learn. And if you begin with local exception, in these centuries, you will write a dozen of volumes. Maybe it's better to make these kings come back under the majority law...

About the solution of ethnicity, it can probably be interesting also, but I don't know if ethnic appartenance had an influence in wars. You're probably right, but I don't remember an example. Of course, it's better than national identity. Question also : had languages an influence ? Languages boundaries are close to those of ethnic groups, so it can go in the same way.

Btw, the concept is interesting, maybe here again you're gonna give a few examples of the presence of ethnicity and of self conscience of ethnic appartenance. I feel you have some example in swedish history in your hat. :)

Raf
 

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Ah, Raphael, allow me to elaborate...

I've always read that the Great Northern War began by the declaration of war of August II of Saxe and Poland.

That is true. Russia formally declared war only one week after Denmark had already been defeated. This is attributed to poor communications between the allies (Denmark, Poland and Russia), and the very fast Swedish response. Nevertheless, the reason Peter gave for his DOW was his bad treatment three years earlier on a visit to Riga.

In fact, the offensive alliance was probably not a sufficient casus belli in front of a diplomat.

Exactly. We are not talking about real motivations here, only diplomatic smoke screens.

but I don't know if ethnic appartenance had an influence in wars.

You misunderstand me; maybe I was not clear enough. I meant that ethnicity would be an effective means of curbing too hasty expansion. I.e. the conquered territories would be more likely to revolt if they had a different culture/language. I was not talking about ethnicity as a Casus Belli; that only happened when European nations fought 'savages' (Side note: the Swedish colony in Delaware treated the natives as a true nation, regarding the local Chieftain as a 'Prince'. This naturally angered the brutal English and Dutch colonists).

In Europe, language and ethnicity were generally not considered very important. (The aristocracy didn't much care what language the peasantry spoke as long as they toiled in the fields, paid their taxes and warmed their masters' beds. :))

However, it is a safe bet that the conquered intelligentsia were not happy being ruled by complete foreigners speaking a different language. The peasants and serfs? - I doubt they much cared. (Except in Sweden, where they were all free men and most of them - the 'crown peasants' - had representation in parliament. :))

The Netherlands vs Spain should be a good example of a disgruntled local ethnic elite, eh Marc? ;)

The opposite was true in the case of the Finnish-speaking Swedes, whose ethnicity and language were never even close to being a cause for revolt.

Other interesting examples: Livonia and Estonia. These people long suffered brutal serfdom under the Teutonic Order; yet when the Order collapsed, it was still their German speaking nobles who spoke for them when they were part of Poland or Sweden. It was these nobles that could instigate revolts and cause trouble - not the serfs. So, in Sapura's conquered Russian territories I would expect terrible uprisings led by local Boyars as soon as Sweden showed any sign of weakness. :)

In summary: Sometimes ethnicity and language were grounds for revolt, other times not, but it was the powerful locals - merchants and nobles - who led these revolts.

/Doomie
 

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Hi,Doomie and Raphael,
You both wright regarding to Peter's The Great CB but..... Raphael is more wright :).
Peter really was in alliance with August and personally promised to him his help in case of troubles (in particular with Sweden). So, he just didn't want to 'dishonor' this alliance. However, he promised that in private talk sitting with August and drinking wine (may be he regretted about that when he became sober?).
From the other hand - Doomie is wright. The CB invented by Peter was exactly that he said, but..... if you read the monography of American historian R.Massi 'Peter The Great' you discover that he really was badly treated in Riga, when he was travelling to Western Europe during the first years of his rule ;).
Anyway, it is obvious that Peter understood very well that it was a brilliant opotunity to grab some lands on the Baltic coast. He was a statesman and polititian and desperetely wanted to gain the sea coast for trade. Finally he succeed and Russia became a sea power. So, the Casus Belli such as 'bad treatment in Riga' alone is, for sure, ridiculous, but in conjunction with 'noble desire to keep the Tsar's word and to honor the alliance with 'his noble friend August' looks like not too bad excuse ;).
Obviuosly CB in most cases was more or less formal excuse to pacify the public opinion in foreign countries.
Unfortunately, if Peter did not use the oportunity, we, probably, never called him 'The Great' ;)+:O + :(

Nick
 

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Hi,Doomie and Raphael,
You both wright regarding to Peter's The Great CB but..... Raphael is more wright :).
Peter really was in alliance with August and personally promised to him his help in case of troubles (in particular with Sweden). So, he just didn't want to 'dishonor' this alliance. However, he promised that in private talk sitting with August and drinking wine (may be he regretted about that when he became sober?).
From the other hand - Doomie is wright. The CB invented by Peter was exactly that he said, but..... if you read the monography of American historian R.Massi 'Peter The Great' you discover that he really was badly treated in Riga, when he was travelling to Western Europe during the first years of his rule ;).
Anyway, it is obvious that Peter understood very well that it was a brilliant opotunity to grab some lands on the Baltic coast. He was a statesman and polititian and desperetely wanted to gain the sea coast for trade. Finally he succeed and Russia became a sea power. So, the Casus Belli such as 'bad treatment in Riga' alone is, for sure, ridiculous, but in conjunction with 'noble desire to keep the Tsar's word and to honor the alliance with 'his noble friend August' looks like not too bad excuse ;).
Obviuosly CB in most cases was more or less formal excuse to pacify the public opinion in foreign countries.
Unfortunately, if Peter did not use the oportunity, we, probably, never called him 'The Great' ;)+:O + :(

Nick
 

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'if you read the monography of American historian R.Massi 'Peter The Great' you discover that he really was badly treated in Riga, when he was travelling to Western Europe during the first years of his rule .'

If you read the diplomatic correspondence from the swedish govenour of Riga and the Swedish 'State department', and from the french envoy there. You get a totally different picture... :)

/Greven
 

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Good to see you 'back on the board' Ilroi!

Peter really was in alliance with August and personally promised to him his help in case of troubles (in particular with Sweden).

Hmm, it was never a matter of 'help if you ever need it' - it was a matter of 'let us attack Sweden together and carve her up at an opportune moment'. The founders of this offensive alliance were Denmark and Russia; Poland joined it later.

Russia's somewhat late entry into the war was not because Russia was reacting, it was a matter of poor coordination, and because Russia did not dare join the attack on Sweden while still at war with Turkey.

IMO, we have Casus Belli on three levels here:

1) Superficial, official reason: Peter was mistreated in Riga.

2) Underlying reason: The offensive alliance with Poland and Denmark needed to be activated while Sweden was weak. (After the death of Charles XI, during the 'tiny ice age' in Scandinavia.)

3) True reason: Russia wanted access to the Baltic Sea and revenge for the previous loss of land.

/Doomie
 

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These are Swedish sources, meanwhile I am reffering to American. American should be neutral... at least :).
Once again, nobody beleive that 'bad treatment' is enough to declare a war, but... in conjunction with obligation to help an ally... why not? If you need a sea coast to found a port and shipyard.... I never considered Peter The Great as 'Peter The Saint'... :).

Nick
 

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Ilroi and Doomie,

Now I'm messing with you nice little debate here, but personally I think you both are right at the same time.

The opportunity to retake what once had been lost was ripe in 1700. I wonder if Peter, Fredrik and August really anticipated what hard work it would mean. Somehow on a superficial level I believe that the Swedish empire was a bit ovestretched. Sweden was attacked by many countries a long run victory wasn't possible.It is though interesting that there were very few 'winners' in this war. First everyone was exhausted after the war, and only Russia managed to get any land at all. I would say that the most important thing for Russia was not actually the provinces she gain (even if they were very profitable provinces) but that she managed to stay afloat when here main competitors where severely weakened. Denmark was actually the biggest loser of the war at least if you look at political moves on the international scene afterwards (nil until more or less forced to join Napoleon in the early 19th century).

Just some thoughts !

/Greven
 

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Raphael
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Hey folks

Can one of you three tell me what kind of bad treatment Peter the Great suffered in Riga ? Was he treated as, I don't know, a simple diplomat ? Then I could maybe understand that it has a sense to take this treatment as a casus belli.

Or did this funny Peter make noise, because the staff in his hotel room forgot to put in the bathroom a tablet of soap and a bathrobe with Peter the Great printed on the back ? :)

Raf
 

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Originally posted by ilroi on 06-05-2000 10:48 PM
Sorry, folks!
My 'wright' means 'right' :0.
O-hh, this language... Why Russians did not colonize America?! Would be very easy to communicate in Russian ... :) :) :)

Well, the Russians did colonize Alaska and had a claim (though not a very strong one) on the Oregon territory that later was divided between British Canada and the USA. I guess Russia was too busy conquering Poland and carving up Asia to worry about the New World.
 

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Originally posted by Pole on 06-06-2000 02:47 AM
Well, the Russians did colonize Alaska and had a claim (though not a very strong one) on the Oregon territory that later was divided between British Canada and the USA. I guess Russia was too busy conquering Poland and carving up Asia to worry about the New World.

One small note here: somewhere in California (I think it is in San Francisco, but I am not too sure) there is a fort called Fort Ross which was established by the Russians when California was still a Spanish colony. Someone told me that 'Fort Ross' was the English version of the Spanish 'Fuerte de los rusos'; that is, 'the Russians' Fort'.

I wonder how on Earth the commander of the Spanish garrison communicated with the commander of the Russian garrison. :) Sign language maybe?

Best regards to all.

Martin
 

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Yes to Fort Ross on all accounts. There is still a Russian population of note in Alaska. I must say I am impressed that Russia actually expanded as far as they did in the Western Hemisphere, can you imagine the logistics involved in supporting those colonies that far away from the capital?
 

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Very true!
'Fort Ross' means 'Russian Fort or Fort of Russians' and it is located about 60-70 miles north from San-Francisco along Pacific Coast.
People (not necessarily with Russian roots) gathered there for historical reenactment like in 'Colonial Williamsburg' in Virginia.
You see, Dragon, it was almost impossible to keep control on Alaska because of reason you mentioned and this land was sold to the US government. It is interesting that public opinion in America that time was somthing like: ' let us make a gift of money to these nice Russians for they support'. Russia was only major country who politicaly supported American North against South during the Civil War. Gold was discovered in Alaska only later and initially lot of people in America considered this territory as a useless wilderness. They agreed to pay money for Alaska just to thank Russia...
O-oohhh, why we did not colonize America. I could write all these in Russian (and you, folks, too :) :) :)!!!

Nick