Chapter 21: A holiday in Rome
1 July 1941, Rome, Federal Socialist Republic of Italy
Anastasia Petrova and Feodor Sokolov watched little Stas playing in the fountains of St. Peter’s Square. Unlike an ordinary summer day in Rome, there were no crowds and crowds of people; there were a dozen or so government officials scurrying about and about a hundred men in various Soviet uniforms. Then again, this was not an ordinary summer day in Rome. At the beginning of May, Stalin had promised the Politburo that they would meet in July, not in Moscow, but in Rome, as a reward for their hard work and dedication to the defeat of the enemies of progress and enlightenment. This announcement delighted the members of the Politburo, to be sure, as many of them had not left Moscow since the war began. Yet there was also a slight sense of incredulity: could peace finally return to Europe?
While other members of the Politburo walked around the Vatican, gaping like the tourists they were, Marshal Vatutin was seated in a cool, dark office not far from the city center. His train left for La Spezia in just a few hours, and he needed to make sure everything was prepared. Marshal Tukhachevsky – formally not a part of the Politburo – did his planning in Moscow. The war in Europe might be over, but the war in Asia still raged on. Of course, the war in Europe was not truly over, in reality, because he –
“Comrade Vatutin?” Georgii Malenkov entered the office.
“Comrade Malenkov! May I help you?” Vatutin and Malenkov were friendly, but not very close, so the Marshal knew that something important was on his mind.
Malenkov took the proffered seat and stared for a moment. “Can I ask you something, Nikolai Feodorovich?”
“Please do, Georgii Maximillianovich.”
“How well do you know Koba?”
It took Vatutin a moment to figure out about whom Malenkov was talking. “The General Secretary? I have worked with him for years, but I would think you are far closer to him than I, Comrade Malenkov.”
“Perhaps. Yet, I do not entirely understand the General Secretary’s actions of a few days ago.”
Vatutin nodded hesitantly. “Yes, I think I understand you.”
“It seemed so odd of him to agree.”
“Well, perhaps we should carefully examine the situation. It is not like Comrade Stalin to do things for no reason.”
The events leading up to 1 July were straightforward enough. The first major offensive in May was not in Italy, but in the Far East. Garbun Dzagal received the attention of the Fourth Mountain Corps yet again.
Manchukuo and her overlord, Japan, had put up a considerable struggle, and any sort of victory would help relieve the pressure on the beleaguered area around Vladivostok. The first attack in Italy, on the other hand, was an international offensive, which saw a Soviet General – General Dobroserdov – command two Soviet Rifle Divisions and a French Tank Divisions against two Italian divisions in Milan.
The victory there was a bloody one – 3000 dead, slightly more of them Soviet – but an important one. Most importantly of all, the Hammer and Sickle flew over Milan, not the tricolor. The fall of Milan triggered a massive rush of the entire Odessa Front down the Italian peninsula.
Attention shifted back to the Far East, with the 14 May attack on Khabarovsk. Khabarovsk was intended to be the staging area for a major offensive into Manchuria, until the Japanese attack from Sakhalin effectively cut supplies off to the area. This most recent attack represented the heaviest commitment of Japanese and Manchukuo troops into the key rail hub.
At Garbun Dzagal, to the west, one mountain division had already retreated, but the Japanese rifle divisions continued to take punishment. It was a test of wills, to see who could withstand the devastation of modern war.
Italy was, comparatively speaking, a brisk stroll. Pausing only to call Comrade Petrova about rumors he’d heard of the Swedish ambassador’s latest visit to Berlin, Vatutin planned two nearly simultaneous offensive; one on Pescara, and the other on the Italian capital, Rome.
Rome was surprisingly poorly defended – the elimination of the Italian forces in the Milan pocket by Soviet and French forces seemed to seriously weaken their morale – and King Vittorio Emmanuele offered to surrender his country on 18 May rather than put his people through the trial of a long a war. Foreign Minister Petrova, who was already present in Italy on the direction of Stalin, was prepared to open negotiations. Yet Stalin himself merely smiled at the King, and said, “Vitka, you are not the real power in Italy. That power fled to Naples three days ago. But, I will accept your surrender of the city.” [1]
Petrova was speechless. She knew as well as anybody that Mussolini was not in Rome, but for him to openly deride and mock a Head of State, even a capitalist lackey like Vittorio Emmanuele, offended her sense of decorum and diplomacy. She brought the details of this meeting to her husband, who had already joined her in the Eternal City. He promised to look into the matter as soon as he could get a moment alone with Stalin.
Such moments were hard to come by, however. The news on the Eastern Front was encouraging, but extremely bloody. Even when the Soviets won battles, they lost twice the casualties of their opponents.
The Roman victory hardly even qualified as a proper battle in comparison.
Khabarovsk – a much needed win, that gave the Soviets breathing space – inflicted 20 times the casualties of Rome.
A Japanese counterattack on Garbun Dzagal threatened to reclaim the province, but before the victorious Japanese could arrive, the two mountain divisions which had broken off early returned to the fight and drove them back.
A few days had passed – it was the end of May – and Petrova had not heard anything else about the matter with the Italian King. Sokolov had gone back to Berlin to coordinate the search for the few remaining Nazis who had not already faced socialist justice. Petrova herself was deputized into assisting with the coordination of a French offensive in southern China until Vatutin arrived on 1 June. The offensive was meager, but a welcome diversion that might allow further Soviet gains in the Far East.
The death of Kaiser Wilhelm II prompted another strange remark from Stalin: “So, he outlived the Second and the Third Reich. But the Reich is not yet dead, is it?”
The day before, the final drive on Naples began; Petrova knew that if Naples fell, Mussolini would have nowhere to hide.
The first attack on the city failed, but only because an overly eager division general had tried to seize the city. A second tank division joined the first, and the battle was truly joined. The Special Forces of Vatutin, which had been relatively quiet, began what they called a “Milan in Miniature” designed to seal off and capture three Italian divisions.
The battle at Anzio did not quite succeed – the Italian general Bergonzoli recognized the trap and quickly withdrew, hoping to reach the province of Littoria before the Soviets did and dig in. Still, 741 Italian casualties (to the Soviet 164) were an adequate compensation. On 10 June 1941, as the Red Army occupied Naples, Benito Mussolini was captured along with most of his cronies. Italy surrendered.
By 10 June, most of the Politburo had arrived in Rome. Malenkov was invited to sit in on the first meeting with Mussolini and Stalin.
Stalin opened the discussion with a warm (and, for Mussolini, very confusing) embrace. “Comrade Mussolini! A pleasure to meet you. Your father, as well as your namesake, were heroes to the cause of world socialism.” Mussolini said nothing, but seethed. “Come now, Comrade, you do not forget your days as a socialist so quickly, do you?”
“Would that I could, you ignorant country yokel.”
“Ah! So the Carnival Caesar has life yet? Good! I have use for you.” [2]
“I would never help you, you rude peasant!”
Stalin’s jovial demeanor changed in a heartbeat as the translator spoke the word ‘rude.’ [3] “Listen very closely. One man has ever used that word with me. You are not fit to even speak his name, class traitor.” Stalin looked at Malenkov. “Please leave the room, Comrade. I will speak with you tomorrow.”
Malenkov had never seen Stalin so furious, and quickly stepped out of the room. A few hours later, Mussolini was addressing the Italian Chamber of Deputies, praising the name of Stalin and Communism.
A few weeks later, Stalin rose and made a toast to World Socialism. He took a moment to praise the courage of General Popov – who had ironically been criticized by Voroshilov for a lack of courage – who had taken his mountain division into Ergun alone, so that Garbun Dzagal would be well defended. He not only seized the province, but prepared to defend it against four times his numbers, regardless of the cost.
Everybody echoed the toast, then sat down to the traditional pre-meeting luncheon. Petrova looked at Stalin, then Malenkov, then back at Stalin. Malenkov still appeared uncomfortable, Stalin was in the best mood he had been in years. Certainly, the victory over Italy had been a victory for world socialism. Certainly, Mussolini as a puppet was better than Mussolini as an enemy. But she still did not understood what was going on.
All of a sudden, a bell rang. Stalin smiled even wider. “Oh, excellent, desert has arrived! Before we begin our desert, I thought we might like a little music.”
Everybody fell silent. After a few moments, two shots rang out. Nobody spoke. A couple of the more timid members dove under the table. Then, the music began: Wagner’s “Ride of the Valkyries.”
“Finally, I can enjoy this song again.”
Sokolov quietly slid next to his wife. “Hello, dear.”
“Fedya… what just happened?”
“I figured out why Comrade Stalin was so eager to go to Naples. Mussolini had the most interesting house guests…”
“I see. And Mussolini? How can we trust him?”
“You know those few tourists we saw earlier today?”
“Yes, what of it?”
“They seemed to gravitate towards the Vatican’s medieval arms and armor exhibits. Did you notice that?”
“Uh, no?”
“In particular, the
swords and the
shields.”
Petrova took one last look, but not Stalin. At Rokossovsky.
[1] Vitka is the diminutive of the Russian name Viktor.
[2] Still my favorite description of Mussolini. It came from a French newspaper, if memory serves.
[3] The reference is to Lenin’s Last Testament, in which he attacked all of the Communist leaders for many faults: Stalin’s was rudeness. IRL, Stalin was furious when he heard it, but over time began to treat it as a joke. According to Russian Wikipedia (and Trotsky), replied this when Lenin’s wife read the letter to the XIII Congress of the Community Party in May 1924:
– So what, if I am actually rude… Ilich [Lenin] proposed to you to find another, who might be distinguished from me only by his greater politeness. Well, why not! Try to find [one].
[One of Stalin’s friends replied] – It is nothing! You do not frighten us with rudeness, our entire party is rude, proletarian!
It’s sort of a play of words – Lenin meant “rude” in the sense of “uncouth”, but Stalin’s friend took it as “coarse”, or the sort of thing uneducated workers would espouse. The play on words works in English too, as rude can mean both things in English.