Trying to learn this game, but...

[GAGA Extrem]

(1) Artisan production types are a factory template code wise. Possible that the game thus believes that artisan products are factory production. Or the tooltip just uses the word "factory" for all general production.
(2) Capis can only get money if factories make a profit. If you do not have enough profitable factories your capis get no money and can't buy anything.
(3) Pops can have saving. Money paid for reforms like pensions and unemployment is transferred to pops.

If you want to play a country for a beginner try Belgium (easy industrialization), Brazil (strongest country in South America) or Sweden (very high early game research point income).

To make it easier for us to help with your problems consider uploading a savegame. That way we can have a look at the situation and check what might be going on.

 

[GAGA Extrem]

Use an external service like mediafire and link the file here.

 

[GAGA Extrem]

Some new player tips:
(1) Use your NF to promote bureaucrats to bring your administration efficiency to 100% (budged screen).
(2) Afterwards promote clergymen until you have AT LEAST 2%. This will give you the maximum number of research points.
(3) If you have low literacy you might want to increase clergymen to up to 4% to speed up literacy increase. More literacy = more RP and faster pop promotion.
(4) Key techs for the early game are: Freedom of Trade (significant income boost), Ideological Thought (more NF, plurality to boost RP income), Medicine (pop growth + prevents/reduces some illness events) and Idealism (more RP).
(5) Always research Philosophy techs asap to boost your RP. You can save up to 1 year of RP in advance, do it when a new tech of that type comes along (1839, 1859, 1869, 1879, 1899).
(6) It is not necessary to industrialize from the very beginning. Improve your literacy and RP income first.
(7) If your industry is not making profit you might lack input/output bonus techs. Reserach commerce techs (Economic Thought and Critique + Organization) to improve your profit margins.
(8) I suggest the following budged settings for the early game: Increase all taxes to max, increase Education and Admin spending to max, set Military spending to 50% if you are peaceful or to max if you want to wage early wars.
(9) Use tariffs if you still run a deficit, but try to keep them as low as possible. I usually reduce them gradually as my admin efficiency goes up and try to set them to -1% to -10% later. This will subside your factories and pops a bit without creating massive bubble economies that can't exist on their own.
(10) Once you want to industrialize reduce the rich taxes to minimum to increase the money in the pockets of your capis - they will reinvest that into their projects to build other stuff (unless you have planned economy).