Despite the Russian victory in the Anglo-Russian War, it had showed that the Russian army was riddled by corruption and glory hounds. All defeats were traced back to incompetent generals who sought to expand their personal glory and in the process made serious tactical and strategical errors. Drastic military reforms were made by Tsar Nicholas II and the entire command structure was altered by him. The size of individual armies was reduced from more as 7-8 divisions to 5 divisions, who’s strength varied from 50,000 to 60,000 men. The restructuring resulted in the created of an additional 3 armies in the west and a new army in Central Asia, but it also showed a great weakness within the Russian army. Despite it Russia having the largest army, it was horribly overstretched. Cautious estimations indicated to establish a decent army capable of projecting Russia’s power, it would need an additional 50 divisions.
Furthermore, the Russian economy was still not able to sustain a war on a large scale. Monetary reserves pre-war, which had reached 90,000 rubles, had dwindled rapidly and by the end of the war Russia had a debt of 75,000 rubles. In spite of this, the Russian economy had improved since 1914 and daily exports reached 1700 rubles from 700 in August 1914. The expansion of key industries, such as steel, contributed greatly to the rise of the Russian economy, but the development of Russian railways in the economic heartland of Russia brought greater prosperity to the Russian people. With the completion of the improvement of the railway system in Moscow, focus shifted to Crimea, Smolensk and the Ukraine.
The modernization of the Russian rail network
Within 10 years Russia’s economy and military were rapidly improving, much to the dismay of its neighbors. By September 1924, Russia had become the 5th greatest exporting nation. It’s military power grew even faster. From a large, but ill-equipped, army in 1914, the Russian army had grown past it’s greatest rivals, France, Germany and Britain. It’s fleet had been rebuild and refitted after the wars. In 1914 the Russian Fleet was one of the smallest amongst the Great Powers, but after 10 years it had surpassed those of Japan and Italy. The Russian admiralty hoped that by 1934 the Russian fleet would surpass the British, French and American fleets.
A Russian Cruiser in the Black Sea
Although internally things weren’t looking good, a revolution was far from reality. Uprisings occurred daily in Russia, but were confined to Poland and Eastern Rumelia, with sporadic uprisings in Caucasia and Central Asia. In Eastern Rumelia nationalists were to blame for the uprisings there, but in Poland the communists had spread throughout Congress Poland, Posen and Prussia. All uprisings were successfully crushed by the Cossacks, but a lasting solution had not been found. In Petrograd the Tsar was put under pressure to enact both social and political reforms, but he continued to wave the suggestions for reforms away.
Polish rebels on the defense
Internationally Russia became more and more isolated due to it’s aggressive and expansionist policy. It’s traditional ally, France, refused to renew the Franco-Russian alliance and other allies of Russia started to drift away from them. Turkey started to rebuild her defenses on the eastern border with Russia and her army was rapidly expanding. Japan, who had sought closer ties with Russia to further expand in China, had transferred a large part of her home army to Korea and the Japanese fleet was patrolling the waters near Vladivostok. Serbia resented that Russia didn’t push for more Serbian gains at the end of the Great War and that it had increased her influence in the Balkan at the expense of Serbian influence. The Balkan was still a mess, perhaps even more so then before the war, and Russia had still not retreated her military presence from Austria and Hungary, despite it was bound to do so after 5 years. The future of the Balkan was insecure and a lasting solution was needed for the area, as without a solutions war would be inevitable.