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The Anglo-Russian War
The Indian Front
The declaration of war didn’t come as a surprise, but the British defenses in India and Afghanistan had been ill-prepared and they were pushed back rapidly. Within a year, the Russians had pushed the British and Indian forces out of the Punjab area. The British satellite states of Kalat and Kashmir had collapsed under the weight of the Russian armies.
Russian forces were cutting through the Indian lines at an alarming rate and the immenent collapse of Jaipur forced the British and her Indian allies to gather all available troops to combat the Russian threat to Delhi. As if a miracle had happened, the Russians suffered a string of defeats in Jaipur and the British responded by a counter attack near the Punjabi city of Lahore. Within 3 months the Russians had lost 2 armies and the control over Jaipur and the defensive lines in the northern regions were breaking.
A renewed offensive by the Russians in July broke the Indian principality of Beroda, and Jaipur followed rapidly. A combined Anglo-Canadian-Indian offensive in the Punjab had pushed far into Russian occupied territory, but with the collapse of Jaipur the offensive was under threat. With the fall of Panipat in September 1922 the Allied offensive had died out and now faced a possible encirclement. The fall of Ludhiana confirmed the collapse of the Allied offensive, as more as 15 British, Canadian and Indian divisions were now encircled by the Russians. The destruction of the Allied army was the last action of the Anglo-Russian war in India.
The European Front
Shortly after the start of the Anglo-Russian war it became clear that it wouldn’t be a conflict limited to Central Asia. The First Battle of Simferpol would be a sign of the British ability to strike anywere. Despite the Russian victory during the battles of Simferpol, the British would continue to harass the Black Sea coast. Their successes would remain limited to the capture of several cities as Kerch, Odessa and Sevastopol.
Australia and New Zealand tried to clear the Russians from Gallipoli and thus securing a safe passage into the Black Sea. A total of 5 attempts was made by the Anzac forces, but fierce Russian resistance as well as artillery supriority, saw all attempts being crushed in a matter of hours.
The biggest threat came from the Canadian forces, as in November they launched a daring assault on Petrograd. Immediately Russian troops were sent from Poland to the capital and the Russian Baltic Fleet set sail from Riga to intercept possible allied ships. In December 1921, the Russian Fleet engaged the British Grand Fleet in the Gulf of Finland. A short naval skirmish took place, in which the Russians lost a pre-dreadnought and several ships took severe damage, while the British lost 2 submarines and several surface ships were damaged. Despite naval bombardments and superior tactics, the Canadian forces in Petrograd were outnumbered 5 to 1 and before the end of 1921, the Canadians surrendered.
The Anglo-Russian War ended on the 23rd of June, 1923, after two years of fighting. The British had lost Afghanistan, Kashmir, Baluchistan and Jaipur to the Russians, but retained nominal control over the Punjab and Sind. The war, despite being won, would cause great upheaval in the Russian Empire. Communist uprisings took place in Poland, while the Czechs and Bulgarians were revolting against, as they perceived it, the Russian oppressor. Even in Central Asia unrest against Russian rule was rising, Nicholas II however, managed to suppress the revolts and maintain the charade of a stable nation.