The United States in the World War - Part III
For the next several months following the flurry of naval activity in the north Atlantic, very little of consequence occurred. Admirals King and Nimitz continued to patrol the waters off New England, Newfoundland, and Iceland, having little success in locating the Syndicalist fleets and bringing them to battle, though also avoiding being brought to battle by the superior combined Syndicalist navies.
For their part, the Syndicalists, particularly the British, made it clear that engaging the American fleet was not a high priority. In late summer, the British landed a sizable expeditionary force in Tunisia, seizing Tunis and completely outflanking the Entente armies that had doggedly held their ground in the face of repeated Spanish attacks east of Algiers. Within a month, the whole of the Entente's North African coast was captured. Not resting content with this, the British proceeded to land an army on the Ivory Coast and Liberia in October, which rapidly began to advance in all directions in the face of only meager Entente resistance, bringing the very existence of Marshal Petain's Nationalist France into serious question.
The American reaction to developments in Africa was decidedly lackluster. Few considered West Africa to be of any appreciable worth, certainly not equal to the risk of dispatching the fleet into the south Atlantic, and only served to further demonstrate the futility of military cooperation with the Canadians and their allies. Democratic Senator Alben Barkley, who had first gained national attention for suggesting a military assistance package to the Entente nations in exchange for military access, made headlines by openly deriding the Entente's military effort. Thoroughly unimpressed with its record to date, the Senator described the Entente alliance as 'a pack of helpless schoolboys preyed upon by bullies.' As a legacy to the bitterness felt by many Midwesterners for Canadian interference in the civil war, several editorials of the Chicago Tribune went so far as to suggest simply 'borrowing' the Canadian fleet if they refused to use it.
American-Canadian cooperation was deemed unlikely by most.
With the public's attention no longer held by events at the front, such as it was, this kind of posturing continued throughout the autumn months and into the winter. The administration remained aloof, dismissing a war with the Canadians over present circumstances as outlandish. The military build-up continued to run smoothly, and weapons development projects were beginning to bear fruit; production on the new B-29 bomber, as well as an upgraded Sherman medium tank variant, began in full swing in late 1943. Concurrently, the military underwent a significant administrative change; Patrick Hurley, Chief of Staff since the Hoover Administration, announced his retirement on November 9, and was replaced by George Marshall. The change caused a minor stir in the public, particularly amongst certain circles that considered MacArthur to be a more suitable man for the job, ignoring the fact that Marshall had assumed most of Hurley's responsibilities since the start of the war.
Just a day before the change, news arrived from Iceland that British bombers had launched a surprise attack on Reykjavík. The raid inflicted only minimal damage on perimeter antiair batteries, and little was thought of it. That, however, changed, when on the morning of January 2, 1944, the British attempted to land two infantry divisions under the command of Lt. General Soames south of the Icelandic capital. Vandergrift's Marines responded swiftly, preventing the British from advancing beyond their beachheads. Fortunately, the American fleet was in harbor, and hurriedly sallied forth to engage Grand Admiral Cunningham's Atlantic Fleet, who lingered only long enough to cover the evacuation of Soames' troops before retreating back toward Scapa Flow.
Nimitz and King returned to harbor for only a day in case the British made another attempt before sailing in pursuit of Cunningham's force. But on the 6th, just south of Iceland, the fleet ran headlong into Ramsay, whose fleet performed poorly, allowing the battleships
Formidable and
People's Charter to be hit by carrier-based bombers before retreating. The Americans were unable to effectively follow up on their victory and Ramsay slipped away to safety. Meanwhile, shaken out of a sense of complacency by the British attack, Iceland was ordered to be substantially reinforced by I. III. and VIII. Armies, as well as at least one armored corps, were to be dispatched as soon as could be made ready.
Suddenly, on January 14, the French fleet was spotted in the north Atlantic by a small convoy of American merchant vessels. King immediately ordered the entire fleet out of port in pursuit. On the 20th, the French, under the command of Admiral Deat, was finally rediscovered north of the Azores. The Americans, while only marginally larger in numbers, benefited from a near-total advantage in carriers. Within an hour, the battleship
Languedoc was hit and seriously damaged. Using his destroyers as a screen, Deat attempted to flee back to the safety of Brest, but King gave chase, finally catching up to the French just within the Bay of Biscay.
The ensuing battle was a disaster for the French; within a few hours, the battleship
Gagcoigne and carrier
Joffre took severe damage from American warplanes, while the
North Carolina suffered damage from several hits from the battleship
Jean Bart. This move, which drew the French battle line close to the Americans, proved to be a grave mistake, as swarms of American planes overwhelmed the French air defenses. By the end of the 21st, the
Clemenseau,
Languedoc,
Gagcoigne, and
Jean Bart were all sunk, with the
Joffre also heavily damaged. The destruction of four battleships in a single battle, including two post-revolutionary designs, at the hands of carrier-based airplanes demonstrated for all that the era of big-gun battleships was coming to a close.
French defeat at sea, January 20-21.
Perhaps to emphasize just how true this was, in the American fleet, only the
North Carolina had suffered serious damage. Confident that the French fleet was in disarray, King ordered Nimitz to escort the wounded battleship back to Iceland while the remainder of his fleet gave chase. But the French managed to slip away, using the cover provided by several squadrons of suicidal Danish destroyers to make good their escape to the safety of French waters. Though unable to completely destroy the French navy, King and Nimitz had nevertheless scored a crushing victory, the single greatest naval victory in American history to date. Suddenly, the task of securing the north Atlantic for the United States did not seem so insurmountable.