June 1949: Partly Cloudy
If we do not act, history will cast its verdict with those terrible, chilling words, 'Too late.'” There was a deafening silence in Parliament as Winston Churchill, leader of the opposition, finished his speech. Paraphrasing one of his better-known phrases from the pre-war days, the silence echoed in quiet reverberation as the Conservatives once again laid down the gauntlet of military preparedness. With the five years of Attlee’s government coming to a close in July 1950, the necessity of a general election was causing rumblings throughout the island, as a slow economic decline, financial despair, a chill over Europe, and worries over the security of the country pulled the electorate in many directions. Most confidently predicted sweeping gains for the Conservatives, some venturing as far as to point to a sure Churchill election. The American expulsion of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6) representative in Washington, Harold “Kim” Philby, had only added to Labour woes. The lack of protest over Philby’s recall added weight to rumors of spying and communist infiltration.
The expulsion of SIS representative “Kim” Philby from Washington was an embarassment for the Attlee government
Other names were being thrown about, from Donald MacLean, prospective head of the American Department in the Foreign Office, to Sir Roger Hollis of MI6. It was a threatening scandal that did not seem to go away easily. With an overwhelming majority in Parliament, however, Prime Minister Attlee appeared willing to ride out his term to the full five years, feeling safe from the tremondous Labour defection required for a no-confidence motion.
The Prime Minister was attempting, meanwhile, to reassemble a Three Powers Conference – Britain, France, and the Soviet Union – to discuss some of the growing issues regarded the European settlement hammered out at Versailles and Orleans. Protests by DeGaulle’s government over rumored shipments of valuable works of art from museums in the RPF and the RSI went practically unanswered. In the words of one French official,
”the Musée Gadagne is a testament to the architecture of empty warehouses.” Also unanswered were concerns over Poland, where the June election returns pointed to an overwhelming Communist victory. Charges of voter fraud, however, were immediately leveled against Gomulka’s coalition, and the rejection of Sikorski and Bor-Komorowski’s calls for an investigation seemed to be only adding fuel to a worsening situation in the country.
Nations sign the First Protocols of the OTO Accords
In Washington, the first protocols of the Oceanic Treaty Organization, derisively referred to by some with the German pronunciation,
”otto”, were signed between the United States, Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa, Oman, Iraq, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, the United States of Central America, Gran Colombia, Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. Although these First Protocols were more of a treaty of friendship, they were clearly a first step in the fusion of the old Western Alliance with the Pan-American Union, the fruition of Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. With a strong anti-communist bulwark in mind, Dulles, in conjunction with President Lindbergh, framed the first charter to be a declaration of principles:
1) The assertion of individual liberty
2) The promotion of capitalist economies
3) The adoption of international cooperation
These First Protocols, sometimes referred to as the Charter of Three, essentially committed the parties to a world view diametrically opposed to that of the Comintern, though no mention of communism or the Soviet Union was ever mentioned in the OTO Accords. Dulles immediately went to work on additional protocols, which would spell out the organization of OTO, establish a framework for military cooperation, as well as assert positions on various international issues.
A first issue for OTO was clearly the Asian War, where the first tendrils of American aid, indirect and secretive, was arriving in Japan. It was fortuitous timing, for, as the Japanese attache in Manila mentioned to his American counterpart,
”the first anti-tank guns that arrived in Shanghai on the 2nd of June had less than one hundred miles to travel before being thrown into action against the Communists.” Rumors of Prime Minister Tojo’s retirement, supposedly for health reasons, was sparking a political battle between his heir apparent, Yoshijiro Umezu, aging general and strong proponent of the war in Asia, and moderate opponents.
Yoshijiro Umezu – Japan’s new Prime Minister
Backed by the Imperial Army and elevated through great pressure, he quickly ran into conflict as his rivals rallied around Kantaro Suzuki. Suzuki did not favor the carte blanche backing of the Kiri government in China, pointing to aggressive Chinese pressure on Tibet and the dispute over Sinkiang. Both India and China were demanding Japanese support for their designs on Bhutan, Nepal, Sinkiang, and Tibet. However, with a war raging, Umezu assumed the post, a major victory for Japanese militarists.