The Song of Wessex
* * *
1399 to 1408
1399 to 1408
There is much to tell in this last decade of Emperor Anselm’s life and yet so much of it is of a piece with all else that he had done since coming of age back in 1358. There would be more war, certainly another with the Holy Roman Empire that lasted from 1399 to 1401 in which the Empire gained the Duchy of Aquitaine (or the southern portions of the historical de jure Duchy not yet controlled by Britain) and then another with the Kingdom of Leon from 1406 to 1408 in which Anselm won control of Urgell and Lleida in Iberia against the King Julian ‘the Unready’ and expanded British Navarre into Barcelona. In both of these actions, the Emperor once more lead his armies even as his age advanced and his martial talent was never more superior than that of any of his leading generals. This latter war was especially important as it was the first he had ever fought without his most trusted cousin and greatest general, the Duke of Toulouse, Giselbert d’Albon. Lord Giselbert by this date had begun going by the far more anglicized Gilbert and was 75 years old in 1404. Having never left the Emperor’s side for all these many years, it was a great grief to Anselm when Giselbert simply could hold out no longer. Immense sadness took hold of the Empire over the passing of this great man and no one mourned more intensely and publicly than the Emperor himself.
However, Anselm was not without other bright lights within his leadership and one of the best had been for years Earl Ewan of Innse Gall who would be named the new Lord Marshal to replace the Emperor’s cousin. There would be many other deaths in this decade replacing much of the old guard of Lords, most importantly Duke Guy of York (though this Duke’s son and heir Andrew was no more a friend to Anselm than had been the father.) Earl Gilbert of Teviotdale would usurp the title of Duke of Northumberland finally and put the former Duke into prison in 1399. The Duke of Hereford would die in 1400 leaving an 8 year old Peter as heir. Lord Gregory of Meath would pass in 1401 and leave his son and namesake as Duke in 1401 and Duke Robert VII would die in 1402 and finally put an end to the shared Duchy of Normandy and Flanders. Normandy would go to Robert’s daughter Mary who was yet only 14 and Flanders was then passed to the son of Duke Andrew of York, Ralph of House Rose who was 23 and only held a tenuous claim but it would be honored. Finally, near the end of his own life, Anselm would lose Lord Nicholas, fourth Duke of Norfolk and Champagne and grandson to Anselm’s first great advisor, Duke Nicholas III. This fourth Duke’s son Eustace of Wessex had been named Duke of Ulster many years back and was considered a close ally but this would change in the coming years.
While many of these above new actors would play more of a role in the future, for the moment Anselm reigned supreme just as his great-grandfather had done. They would go so far as to vote absolute power to the Emperor once more in 1402 when Prince Arthur was turning 14. The Prince at this time was betrothed to the daughter of the King of Norway, a pretty young Princess named Snofrid who was still only 10. However, this betrothal was broken in 1402 which would have an everlasting effect on the Empire and proved to show the true greatness of Anselm long after he died. He had been a master at the marriage game all along, including his own gambit of divorce to gain a son (or was that truly that of his wife Empress Adelheid?) While his first daughter Princess Anne remained to her prison, the second Princess Mathilda was now married to King Ewen of Navarre named ‘the Cruel’ and this union would prove both beneficial and a headache for the Emperor. King Ewen had assisted in the war for Valencia but refused to join Anselm in his quest against Leon and at one point angered the Emperor so much that in 1407 went so far as to put one of Ewen’s own castles under siege. Finally, the third Princess Isabel (in a questionable case) was betrothed to the young Duke of Munster. Gregory of Wessex was at that time only 11 as Isabel turned 16. Yet the Dukes of Munster had long been a trouble having descended directly through the male line from Emperor Arthur and while the various Dukes since Lord Eadgar had been either the instigator or the figurehead of some plot or another, it was hoped that this union would cease such actions when the time came for Prince Arthur to inherit. Alas, this would not be the case.
Returning to the Prince and his important match, this is where Emperor Anselm and his wife Empress Adelheid truly excelled. It had been clear from early on in Anselm’s reign that he held desire to place far more emphasis on Iberian affairs. The British Isles had been fully conquered and most of historic Francia as well with only the far south in Gascony and some lands to the east still held by the Holy Roman Empire. Yet the region of Brittany held out and was now held fully by the Kingdom of Castille ruled by King Andres. This King held a very comely daughter only two years Prince Arthur’s senior named Velasquita. There may have been intense haggling to arrange this betrothal and eventual marriage (which may have been why Anselm chose Leon to war with as they were mortal enemies of Castille) but in 1403, the Prince came of age and one of the finest royal weddings ever was held at Westminster Cathedral in the summer of that year. More will certainly be said of this formidable Lady Velasquita, who was 18 in the year of her marriage, but it must be said now that this union had unknown but lasting effect upon the realm and Empire.
Emperor Anselm was 62 in 1404 and as mentioned would lose his long time confident Lord Giselbert in same that year. He’d already reigned for over 50 years, first under regency and surely in his own right ever since. He had always professed to be a most devout Christian and proved it on numerous occasions, most especially in the Holy Land where he reigned as King of Jerusalem as well as Emperor. While he had practiced and succeeded in nefarious plots over the years, most current scholars consider that many of them may well have been carried out more by the Emperor’s talented and loving wife and master of spies, Empress Adelheid. And while the forced imprisonment of Anselm’s daughter Princess Anne was done out of anger and considered well being of the heir Prince Arthur, the one act that likely haunted this Emperor the most was that of his sister, Lady Matilda. As of 1405, this Lady had sat in forced seclusion in Cupar, Scotland for forty years and was now 70 years old. Her Duchy of Lancaster had been cared for at first by her husband Lord John and then Matilda and Anselm’s mother, Lady Maud Hayles until her death. After which, that land had been tended to by the once heir Arthur, son of Matilda. This Arthur died young, leaving no heirs of his own and so Deheubarth passed to another from Lord John’s family while Lancaster remained under the nominal control of Bishop Hugh, Matilda’s second son. An unassuming man, this Bishop had followed in the steps of his father and remained totally loyal to Anselm for these many years, especially after being named the Bishop of Jerusalem. However, Bishop Hugh did have his share of carnal relationships and had produced a son of his own and so when Lady Matilda finally died in seclusion in 1405, this son Mark of Wessex at age 20 was named the new Duke of Lancaster. It was controversial but only in that it skipped Hugh in inheritance for Mark was not a bastard. Bishop Hugh had secretly been married many years earlier and though against the conventions of Holy Church, Emperor Anselm held little issue confirming this and standing by his loyal nephew.
However the death of his sister had a profound effect upon Anselm, especially after losing his long time counsel and friend Lord Giselbert. It is true that his wife Empress Adelheid remained by his side and the Emperor was close with his son Prince Arthur, but Anselm grew colder and more aloof to others after Matilda died. Did he blame himself for her ultimate fate? It is possible. As we have seen, it did not stop his appetite for war and possession of new territory. So it did not drive him to retreat in any way. But his nature changed in 1405 when she died and he would then follow her to the grave a short three years later in 1408. He had not been in poor health though some injuries were gained as he fought in Barcelona and Navarre, but Anselm was only 66 years old. Given the long health of his great-grandfather, many assumed at least another fifteen to twenty years for this greatest of Emperors. However, he had reigned for 57 years...just as long as his illustrious forbear Emperor Arthur...and it is possible that he was tired. He had accomplished so much in that time, more even than his great-grandfather. Had seen his own son and heir come of age and marry his intended. Hardships may follow as they always do as one monarch passes and leaves to another, but there would be no regency as Anselm himself had found. Emperor Anselm had expanded the realm in nearly every way from Ireland to Scotland, in France and Iberia. He had fought and won a successful Holy war in Jerusalem and was hailed the world over as the most Christian of all. He’d never lost against the mortal foe, the Holy Roman Empire and counted the Holy Father in Rome as one of his most faithful allies. It is reasonable to say that Emperor Anselm the Great of Britain was truly the most impacting and important ruler that Europe had seen, at least since the days of the Caesars and Charlemagne. And it is possible to say that after 57 years as Emperor, there was simply no more left for him to give.
* * *
To be continued...
To be continued...