The Rise to Power
By mid 1909, after 3 years of war against the Ottoman Empire, Persia reached great heights. It’s military was state of the art, and her economy was rising at an tremendous pace. Already it had surpassed several European nations, like Spain, Portugal, Belgium and the Netherlands. The war was certainly not a financial drain, on the contrary, the Persian empire was wealthier by the end of the war then before. Now, with the Sultan restricted in his powers, Persia was ready to step up and take a role in the international world. Although everything appeared to be fine, the Ottoman Empire was close to collapse and the rumours of a civil war were spreading.
Mozzafar knew that a lot had to be done before Persia was ready to enter the world stage. Despite Persia’s strengths, it had a severe weakness. Persia had a non existent navy. From mid 1908 all available resources already went into the research of new ships, but because of the Persian-Ottoman war, not much progress was made. During the rule of Nasser al-Din the Caucasian border with Russia was fortified, but now it wasn’t the only border which was under threat. By early 1910 the first steps were taken to fortify the Anglo-Persian border in India. The Central Asian plains were too big, or not suitable, for a defensive position against a possible Russian invasion. For now, neither Britain or Russia showed any signs of invading. Despite Russian promises, the Russian military presence in Siberia, the Urals and Caucasia had increased dramatically. An estimated 1 million troops were stationed along the border.
By 1912, the first modern ships were ordered by Mozzafar. Constructed at the wharf in Basra, 3 cruiser, a torpedo boat and a destroyer left the docks. The first ship to be completed was named after the current ruler Mozzafar, while the rest were named after his father and grandfather. 3 so called pre-dreadnoughts were constructed by the summer of 1912, and were named after the cities of Teheran, Tabriz and Bandar Abbas. Further plans for another 6 cruisers and 3 pre-dreadnoughts were made and would be commissioned between 1914-1916.
While Persia held the position of the biggest producer of wool, producing over 200 tons of wool each day, by 1913 they also became the biggest producer of oil, producing 15 barrels of oil each day. Mozzafar wanted to expand the Persian oil production, and encouraged migration to Abu Dhabi and Central Asia. In the neighbour hood, only Nejd had oil which could be accessed by Persia. Before either Russia or Britain could influence Nejd, Persia invaded and quickly captured the provinces of Ras al Mihab, Al Qatif and Riyadh. The Sheik of Nejd agreed to secede the provinces on the coast and become a puppet of Persia.
Nejd Campaign
Persia in 1914
During the rule of Mozzafar, the economy grew fast, and by 1914 total exports had reached a netto value of nearly 1,500 million pounds. Integrail Railways were constructed throughout the Persian empire, and Persia grew more powerful as days passed by. It wouldn’t take long before the Persians were to become a global power. Expansion under Muhammad and Nasser al-Din had saw Persia grow stronger, but under the leadership of Mozzafar the economy started to grow faster and the elimination of one of Persia’s rivals.
The statistics of Persia in October 1914
Between 1836 and 1914 Persia grew tremendously. It’s population increased by a factor 10, while their territory had increased substantially. Now in 1914 Persia was on the eve of a new chapter in their history, a truly modern Empire.