The Great Western Civil War and the ascenscion of the Honglu Emperor
By 1854, the whole of South Asia was firmly under the control of the Sui Dynasty, the Great Assemblages of Naval Power were established, and the new military academies were granting such brilliant pupils as Chang Ezhong, whose success in putting down the Theravada rebels in the Siamese jungles north of Bangkok netted him a command alongside many of the aging veterans of the Great Dynastic War. The armed forces had been organized into regional militas to deal with peasant rebels, frontier armies to deter barbarians, and the Imperial Guard itself, stationed outside the walls of Nanking.
From 1854-8, in his twilight years, the Emperor slept no more than five hours a night, so constantly was he in conference with economic planners, or drafting the constitution of the new practicum-schools which were to be established alongside traditional exam schools, or organizing the great Board of Commerce which was to continue to oversee economic growth. His skillful handling of government monopolies and funds to build up the rail net of the Empire, and the establishment of Artisan Guildhouses in all trade towns, starting with regional capitals and working down to subsidiary market towns, allowed the easy transport of raw and finished goods across the Yangtse delta and thence, from the ports of Hangzhou, Suzhou, and Nantong, to the rest of the empire, and the world.
The Dragon awakens…and damn, does his breath stink! My economy in 1854.
In the cities of Hangzhou and Suzhou, foreign engineers were brought in to help in the creation of the grand Imperial Shipyards, and, in a move much protested by France, Spain, and England, made to stay in perpetuity, though in comfort and in their own communities.
Ruthless corveé labor was extracted from unemployed peasants, who found new work as migrant builders on the railroads that were spanning the rivers and valleys or as crews on the Emperor’s new ships, which crowded the drydocks up and down the Jiangsu and Zhenjian coasts.
Hrm. This screenshot is lost, but I have 39 wooden ships of the wall and 20 commerce raiders folating about.
By the time these administrative and economic changes came into place fully, the Imperial government exerted unprecedented control in China. Its tax agents were everywhere, army and navy recruiting teams would pick up the idle who were not sent to the railroads still reaching their rails down into the southeast asian possessions, and the centralized industries, run by independent artisans but taxed, issued permit for shipping, and overseen by the Imperial Yamen of Manufacturing, began providing goods to marketplace towns across China, and, indeed, to the European and American clipper ships flocking into Guangzhou for teas and clothing, or Hangzhou for glasswares, fine liquors which had become all the rage in America, and cheap Chinese steels, which, though of low grade, were easily bought from the Iron Boards who oversaw its distribution.
However, on April 13th, 1858, the great architect of the Sui Dynasty died in his study, poring over the recent tax incongruities from Shaanxi province. Without a son to succeed him, all seemed grim until an official document, stamped and endorsed by the Emperor as well as the High Board of Officials and the Hanlin Compilers, was found which endorsed the meteorically rising young official in the Board of Merchant Supervision, Li Hongzhang, as the next emperor. This gave me 25 RPs, increased consciousness among clerks, and initated an event chain you wil see shortly.
China's standing when Hongzhang becomes emperor.
This came as a severe shock to the earlier mentioned Chang Ezhong, who, through his martial prowess and uniquely unmarried, orphaned status (his parents died in the Dynastic Revolts), and closeness to Yeh Min-Chen, seemed the undisputed candidate for the throne.
However, Hongzhang went to his new post with youthful vigour, wresting several more technological exchange delegations out of the outgoing party in the English Parliament for a few additions to their Burmese holdings, leaving the incoming Tories with a huge scandal on their hands – for several important, indeed, essential ship designs (Dude, I got Iron Steamers out of the English in 1859!!!! Wooooo!) had been handed over to the Chinese delegates by scientists in the delegation, and the land bartered for ended up as nothing but jungle plateaus infested by natives and deadly animals.
Hongzhang’s new policies, however, neglected the army, and his disbandment of dozens of garrison armies was noted with interest by the Russians, flush with victory in the long, hard, Crimean War (see notes below on the Three Stooges Europe). When they began building up their forces in concert with the Manchu in early 1860, Ezhong sent a messenger to court, his first personal one since the death of Yeh Ming-Chen, to ask for reinforcements. Hongzhang sent back that he could have them only if they were raised from the commanderies already under his oversight, and this they were – in numbers so large that the new Hanghuo Emperor was besieged by nervous generals, speaking of a feudal revolt, when the reports were received. Note: This event deployed about a dozen divisions in Gansu, and I disbanded my Tianjin army to represent central neglect.
Indeed, there were well over 200,000 troops in Gansu alone under the personal command of Chang Ezhou, who continued to refuse to answer any letters from court. Finally giving in to his generals, several Imperial armies were marched to the west to ‘keep an eye’ on Chang Ezhong’s troops.
Before the Military Council could make any coherent move to actually curtail Ezhong’s rising power, though, a new crisis arose: the Convention of Scholars. Without precedent in Chinese history, the Confucian beaurocrats had been given great power in this new Sui system, but they were all still subject to the whims of the Imperial person, or any of his advisors. Indeed, the manipulations of several important Advisors to the Shipping Board in 1856 and 59 caused massive upheaval in Chili province when the timber shipments had no buyer arranged, and in Kwangtung province when dozens of top-of-the-line gunships were sold off to a Dutch privateer from Java.
The Convention attempted to fix these by presenting a memorial to the Emperor, signed by all high-ranking officials save his own inner circles, which gave the ministries themselves certain privileges of oversight and coordination, and appointed a whole new 300-member “Board of Virtuous Thinkers” to advise the Emperor, a board composed entirely of scholars and officials chosen by the Convention.
Li Hongzhang, still unused to his office and unsettled by rumors of rebellion from the west, rejected the memorial flat-out, and beheaded several officials he deemed treasonously responsible for its content, letting others off with a strong warning.
This widened discontent among the officals, and their support was the last thing Chang Ezhong had been waiting for. With the cooperation of dozens of high or former high officials, he subverted the command of all the Western Armies, proclaimed the deposing of the false Huangho Emperor, and called himself Son Of Heaven – now the third to bear that title, along with Li Hongzhang and the Manzhou puppet emperor, Qinlin.
The Army of the West at Chengdu, 200,000 of the best trained and equipped soldiers in the Empire, rebelled in January of 1861. By the end of that month, fast messengers and merchants had carried Ezhong’s message to the commanders of the 90,00 strong garrisons at Lanzhou and Ganzhou, and to the Mongolian levies patrolling the steppe borders of the Manchu domains.
In an unexpected turn, Jiang Izing, commander of the Imperial Reserve Army at Xi’an, also sent a messenger to Chang, pledging his nine divisions in return for a metropolitan commandery when “The fawning slave of foreign powers is ripped from his stolen throne.”
The next precious two months were spent consolidating the Suzhou, Hangzhou, and Fujuan garrisons into the Second Great Sword Army, alongside the original First Great Sword, the Imperial Guard itself. All the scattered garrison divisions of Annam and Siam were called to the fortress at Wenshan, to save it from a protracted siege, and the Old City Guards of Beijing were locked in fierce battle with the swift Mongolian border guards who had turned to Ezhong only weeks before.
After weeks of marching, Lu Jiang, the chief general of Li Hongzhang, met the Grand Army of the West on the banks of the Yangtse Valley in southern Nantong. Their battle would decide the fate of the war, and though position went to Lu Jiang, the rebel armies had numbers and maneuverability on their side. Ezhong himself had led a march on Beijing, and his subordinates were in command at Nantong, losing entire regiments in foolish frontal assaults before they moved around the flank of Lü’s forces, only to be caught and crushed by reinforcements arriving from Wenshan, where Imperial dragoons arriving had finally broken the siege.
With the demolishing defeat of the rebel armies at Nantong, only mopping-up engagements remained. Ezhong rallied his forces in the mountains of Gansu, and the battle for Lanzhou cost an estimated 600,000 lives or more, when both sides dead were counted. Similarly, the reclaiming of Mongolia cost valuable time and resources But by spring of 1862, Ezhong was dead on a mountaintop in Gaozhou, and the Imperial armies were being dispatched back to their garrison centers.
Though the war was short, later historians would note that Ezhong, by controlling Xi’an, Lanzhou, Gaozhou, and most of the other major coal mining centers of the Empire, could have strangled the Honglu Emperor’s economy if he had been content to hold a defensive position, and his Mongolian offensives, had they pushed against small outposts instead of the heavily fortified areas around Beijing, could have captured the all important iron mines at Zhejiang.
However, his insistence on an offensive campaign turned a war of attrition into a ferocious campaign of march and counter-march which cost between 25-30 million lives, though only a small minority of these were in battle, or were even soldiers.
Peasant movements had emerged in the Yellow River valley, among the disposed and homeless, calling for the abolition of the Emperor altogether, and rebellions were becoming more and more frequent among the workers in the Imperial Artisan Houses, as the stress of the war made itself felt in both cities and countryside.
The Huanglo Emperor decided on a radical course of action in order to prevent another rebellion on the scale of Chang Ezhongs:
With the establishment of the Administration Of Public Vitality and Health, public hysteria began to ebb, and the change in living conditions was a marvel to be seen. In the great cities, sewers swept away waste and food was distributed to children from huge wagons, and centers for medical practice were added onto most regional and local magistracies, even in the Annamese and Siamese areas of the Empire. Only later would history bring to light the demographic change such changes would cause, as infant death rate and death from disease dropped dramatically. (Note: Think, if you will, about what happens when a 15,000,000 man province gets a .15% growth rate. Yeah. That’s about right.)
As the nation recovered from the chaos of the Western Rebellion, the Honglu Emperor continued to devote most of the nation’s money and energy to the creation of the energy, while the Imperial Yamen for Manugfactures and the Yamen for Commerce continued inexolerably to expand the network of Artisan Houses into new provinces.
Thus, in 1864, the Sui Dynasty stood renewed and powerful, ready to enforce its will on the West.
Note: My industry score had passed 3400 by this point, and was rising unstoppably. I will stop noting this from here on out.
OK, everything that happened in China this update was dead serious. But Europe was a yuk-fest!
To begin with: in 1853, having had his fill of Tibetan Yummies and Mongol Munchies, the Russian Tsar turned his gaze south to the Ottoman’s Balkan possessions. Mmm…Bulgarians.
The Turk, however, had apparently been transformed from a swarthy, degenerate heathen monarch into an adorable puppy with giant saucer eyes, because every nation in Europe, seemingly, came to his defense.
Oh, sweet karmic revenge for my beatings at the hands of the Russians!
Things are looking bad for the Russian bear indeed. But like a bear, he shows indefatigable strength, throwing off his opponents one by one, despite admirable shows of heroism by such tiny nations as Greece:
Go go GREECE!!!
Until it’s down to them and the Ottomans in 1857-8….
Who are beaten to a pulp and raped for their Armenian possessions.
Ouch. Talk about your swift turnarounds. Europe’s bloody comedy of errors continues, when Italian unification threatens the authority of the Pope, causing Spanish Catholics to jump to his defense, dragging them into a war with Napoleon III, who is more than happy to gain some of the Iberian peninsula for himself…
Italy finally unified in 1859-60, and an era of conflict comes to a close in a Europe which seems to have basically spent a decade punching itself in the face repeatedly. Oh well, all the easier for me later…BWHAHAHA!
Later,
-Adso