I stopped reading here. If you don't understand that opened nation have a significant advantage over other ones (for example, egypt can expand into persia or even india without problem...while ingria can't).
The fact that you get explorers wont make a nation able to colonize. If you put colonist and explorers to austria it will still not be a naval power, you get it ? Same goes for United states baltic and Bremen here.
Potential for naval power in this game depends on one thing and one thing alone: number of ports. (Not as in provinces, but base tax of course.) So if "Austria" wants to become a naval power, "Austria" only needs to make sure to conquer some ports. Now, there is no "Austria", but this applies to all nations. And every nation except Swiss started with one port. If they didn't pick cores in port provinces, or cultures including port provs, that's for them to take responsibility for. Everyone had the same chance, and still do. Just make sure to conquer ports.
Bremen has access to Denmark, which will give them the ports needed. USS has Baltic coast, and could easily go for Gotland and Swedish coast as well. They have ample opportunity for ports too. Neustria has potential ports on both sides of the English channel, Dutch ports, West coast of France, even southern France. It's pretty well spread out.
Eire being able to have more manpower than a land-locked country is far from balanced. The strengh of continental countries is to be able to rise more armies and have their own lands quite secured, while the one of naval powers is to be able to protect and conquer sea territories, thanks to the superior naval limit.
So stop being a land nation and go fight some winning wars taking some ports and become a naval power then. You have all the qualities needed. For example making the English channel purely Neustrian national waters would give you a good strategical touch.
Now if a country can :
- Have more manpower than a land-country one, which is directly bordered by many other countries
- Have more naval limit, which will give him every time the upper hand over the colonies.
- Have much more money, even without the colonies.
This is absolutely not "random" or "balanced".
Money is pretty evenly spread out this far, with the exception of Egypt which had all the CoTs spawn on him. Manpower is high all around because, as John explained, of our low Quality and low Centralization sliders. Surely you can understand that reason. Naval limit is this far pretty irrelevant. It will still be about 50-70 years before some nation will field a navy whose expansion is hindered by naval support alone. At that point, there will no doubt be many wars for ports going on.
Your complaints are in general uneducated. We have made a perimeter of super-expensive provinces to the East to disencourage expansion by Egypt/Roman Empire that way. Everyone were allowed to choose their cultures, cores and religions. You were just not there to make your opinion heard, and we can't be blamed for that. There is no observable disbalance this far in the game, except for the CoT spawnings. I'm not saying there will not become such elements, but after these three sessions we are all developing more or less evenly.